Anti-patterns

In contrast to design patterns, anti-patterns are common solutions to problems that turn out to be counterproductive or harmful in the long run. Recognizing and avoiding anti-patterns is crucial in addressing smelly code, as applying them can exacerbate existing issues and introduce new ones. Some examples of anti-patterns include Singleton, God Object, Copy-Paste Programming, Premature Optimization, and Spaghetti Code.

Singleton is known to violate dependency inversion and open/closed principles. It creates a global instance, which can lead to hidden dependencies between classes and make the code hard to understand and maintain. It violates the dependency inversion principle, as it encourages high-level modules to depend on low-level modules instead of depending on abstractions. Additionally, the singleton pattern often makes it difficult to replace the singleton instance with a different implementation, for example, when extending the class or during testing. This...