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Mastering Machine Learning Algorithms
Mastering Machine Learning Algorithms

Mastering Machine Learning Algorithms: Expert techniques to implement popular machine learning algorithms and fine-tune your models

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Mastering Machine Learning Algorithms

Introduction to Semi-Supervised Learning

Semi-supervised learning is a machine learning branch that tries to solve problems with both labeled and unlabeled data with an approach that employs concepts belonging to clustering and classification methods. The high availability of unlabeled samples, in contrast with the difficulty of labeling huge datasets correctly, drove many researchers to investigate the best approaches that allow extending the knowledge provided by the labeled samples to a larger unlabeled population without loss of accuracy. In this chapter, we're going to introduce this branch and, in particular, we will discuss:

  • The semi-supervised scenario
  • The assumptions needed to efficiently operate in such a scenario
  • The different approaches to semi-supervised learning
  • Generative Gaussian mixtures algorithm
  • Contrastive pessimistic likelihood estimation approach
  • Semi...

Semi-supervised scenario

A typical semi-supervised scenario is not very different from a supervised one. Let's suppose we have a data generating process, pdata:

However, contrary to a supervised approach, we have only a limited number N of samples drawn from pdata and provided with a label, as follows:

Instead, we have a larger amount (M) of unlabeled samples drawn from the marginal distribution p(x):

In general, there are no restrictions on the values of N and M; however, a semi-supervised problem arises when the number of unlabeled samples is much higher than the number of complete samples. If we can draw N >> M labeled samples from pdata, it's probably useless to keep on working with semi-supervised approaches and preferring classical supervised methods is likely to be the best choice. The extra complexity we need is justified by M >> N, which is a...

Generative Gaussian mixtures

Generative Gaussian mixtures is an inductive algorithm for semi-supervised clustering. Let's suppose we have a labeled dataset (Xl, Yl) containing N samples (drawn from pdata) and an unlabeled dataset Xu containing M >> N samples (drawn from the marginal distribution p(x)). It's not necessary that M >> N, but we want to create a real semi-supervised scenario, with only a few labeled samples. Moreover, we are assuming that all unlabeled samples are consistent with pdata. This can seem like a vicious cycle, but without this assumption, the procedure does not have a strong mathematical foundation. Our goal is to determine a complete p(x|y) distribution using a generative model. In general, it's possible to use different priors, but we are now employing multivariate Gaussians to model our data:

Thus, our model parameters...

Contrastive pessimistic likelihood estimation

As explained at the beginning of this chapter, in many real life problems, it's cheaper to retrieve unlabeled samples, rather than correctly labeled ones. For this reason, many researchers worked to find out the best strategies to carry out a semi-supervised classification that could outperform the supervised counterpart. The idea is to train a classifier with a few labeled samples and then improve its accuracy after adding weighted unlabeled samples. One of the best results is the Contrastive Pessimistic Likelihood Estimation (CPLE) algorithm, proposed by M. Loog (in Loog M., Contrastive Pessimistic Likelihood Estimation for Semi-Supervised Classification, arXiv:1503.00269).

Before explaining this algorithm, an introduction is necessary. If we have a labeled dataset (X, Y) containing N samples, it's possible to define...

Semi-supervised Support Vector Machines (S3VM)

When we discussed the cluster assumption, we also defined the low-density regions as boundaries and the corresponding problem as low-density separation. A common supervised classifier which is based on this concept is a Support Vector Machine (SVM), the objective of which is to maximize the distance between the dense regions where the samples must be. For a complete description of linear and kernel-based SVMs, please refer to Bonaccorso G., Machine Learning Algorithms, Packt Publishing; however, it's useful to remind yourself of the basic model for a linear SVM with slack variables ξi:

This model is based on the assumptions that yi can be either -1 or 1. The slack variables ξi or soft-margins are variables, one for each sample, introduced to reduce the strength imposed by the original condition...

Transductive Support Vector Machines (TSVM)

Another approach to the same problem is offered by the TSVM, proposed by T. Joachims (in Transductive Inference for Text Classification using Support Vector Machines, Joachims T., ICML Vol. 99/1999). The idea is to keep the original objective with two sets of slack variables: the first for the labeled samples and the other for the unlabeled ones:

As this is a transductive approach, we need to consider the unlabeled samples as variable-labeled ones (subject to the learning process), imposing a constraint similar to the supervised points. As for the previous algorithm, we assume we have N labeled samples and M unlabeled ones; therefore, the conditions become as follows:

The first constraint is the classical SVM one and it works only on labeled samples. The second one uses the variable y(u)j with the corresponding slack variables...

Summary

In this chapter, we introduced semi-supervised learning, starting from the scenario and the assumptions needed to justify the approaches. We discussed the importance of the smoothness assumption when working with both supervised and semi-supervised classifiers in order to guarantee a reasonable generalization ability. Then we introduced the clustering assumption, which is strictly related to the geometry of the datasets and allows coping with density estimation problems with a strong structural condition. Finally, we discussed the manifold assumption and its importance in order to avoid the curse of dimensionality.

The chapter continued by introducing a generative and inductive model: Generative Gaussian mixtures, which allow clustering labeled and unlabeled samples starting from the assumption that the prior probabilities are modeled by multivariate Gaussian distributions...

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Key benefits

  • Discover high-performing machine learning algorithms and understand how they work in depth
  • One-stop solution to mastering supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised machine learning algorithms and their implementation
  • Master concepts related to algorithm tuning, parameter optimization, and more

Description

Machine learning is a subset of AI that aims to make modern-day computer systems smarter and more intelligent. The real power of machine learning resides in its algorithms, which make even the most difficult things capable of being handled by machines. However, with the advancement in the technology and requirements of data, machines will have to be smarter than they are today to meet the overwhelming data needs; mastering these algorithms and using them optimally is the need of the hour. Mastering Machine Learning Algorithms is your complete guide to quickly getting to grips with popular machine learning algorithms. You will be introduced to the most widely used algorithms in supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised machine learning, and will learn how to use them in the best possible manner. Ranging from Bayesian models to the MCMC algorithm to Hidden Markov models, this book will teach you how to extract features from your dataset and perform dimensionality reduction by making use of Python-based libraries such as scikit-learn v0.19.1. You will also learn how to use Keras and TensorFlow 1.x to train effective neural networks. If you are looking for a single resource to study, implement, and solve end-to-end machine learning problems and use-cases, this is the book you need.

Who is this book for?

This book is an ideal and relevant source of content for data science professionals who want to delve into complex machine learning algorithms, calibrate models, and improve the predictions of the trained model. A basic knowledge of machine learning is preferred to get the best out of this guide.

What you will learn

  • Explore how a ML model can be trained, optimized, and evaluated
  • Understand how to create and learn static and dynamic probabilistic models
  • Successfully cluster high-dimensional data and evaluate model accuracy
  • Discover how artificial neural networks work and how to train, optimize, and validate them
  • Work with Autoencoders and Generative Adversarial Networks
  • Apply label spreading and propagation to large datasets
  • Explore the most important Reinforcement Learning techniques
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : May 25, 2018
Length: 576 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788621113
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Product Details

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Length: 576 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788621113
Category :

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Table of Contents

16 Chapters
Machine Learning Model Fundamentals Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Introduction to Semi-Supervised Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Graph-Based Semi-Supervised Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Bayesian Networks and Hidden Markov Models Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
EM Algorithm and Applications Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Hebbian Learning and Self-Organizing Maps Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Clustering Algorithms Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Ensemble Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Neural Networks for Machine Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Advanced Neural Models Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Autoencoders Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Generative Adversarial Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Deep Belief Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Introduction to Reinforcement Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Advanced Policy Estimation Algorithms Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.4
(5 Ratings)
5 star 40%
4 star 20%
3 star 0%
2 star 20%
1 star 20%
Colbert Philippe Jul 16, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Excellent academic book for the Machine Learning practitioner! It's exactly what I was looking for. It focuses of reiterative algorithms for learning
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Gasher Jul 02, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Great book to learn concepts around Machine Learning and application. Highly suggest for anyone interested in using ML in their work.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Stefan Hildebrandt Jul 16, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
When ordering the book I wasn't sure what to expect, as multiple colleagues here in Germany told me that the topic is a bit hard to understand, but I have to say it was the direct opposite, moreover this book definitely brought my fundamental understandings on a new level. I like that the author is going into details and is moving more towards math-problems rather than existing algorithms. After reading the book I felt more secure about any tweaks I had to do and generally more thoughtful about the deeper level.Still, only 4 stars as the writing style is a bit to harsh. I think more explanation and some steps would be helpful.But, definitely a recommendation from my side!
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Johannes Feb 13, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
Unfortunately, the printing quality is rather bad. Formulas are blurry and hard to read; it seems something went wrong with certain environments (maybe a problem with LaTex typesetting, who knows). It makes the whole experience of reading the book quite dreadful.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Kindle user Sep 10, 2018
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
I was hoping to be able to use this as a textbook, but the explanations are incomplete and there are no citations.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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