Cryptographic constructs and blockchain technology

Now, we'll present some advanced topics in cryptography that not only are important on their own but are also relevant to blockchain technology due to their various applications in this space.

Homomorphic encryption

Usually, public key cryptosystems, such as RSA, are multiplicative homomorphic or additive homomorphic, such as the Paillier cryptosystem, and are called partially homomorphic systems. Additive Partially Homomorphic Encryptions (PHEs) are suitable for e-voting and banking applications.

Until recently, there has been no system that supported both operations, but in 2009, a fully homomorphic system was discovered by Craig Gentry. As these schemes enable the processing of encrypted data without the need for decryption, they have many different potential applications, especially in scenarios where maintaining privacy is required, but data is also mandated to be processed by potentially untrusted parties, for example, cloud...