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Hadoop Beginner's Guide
Hadoop Beginner's Guide

Hadoop Beginner's Guide: Get your mountain of data under control with Hadoop. This guide requires no prior knowledge of the software or cloud services – just a willingness to learn the basics from this practical step-by-step tutorial.

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Hadoop Beginner's Guide

Chapter 2. Getting Hadoop Up and Running

Now that we have explored the opportunities and challenges presented by large-scale data processing and why Hadoop is a compelling choice, it's time to get things set up and running.

In this chapter, we will do the following:

  • Learn how to install and run Hadoop on a local Ubuntu host

  • Run some example Hadoop programs and get familiar with the system

  • Set up the accounts required to use Amazon Web Services products such as EMR

  • Create an on-demand Hadoop cluster on Elastic MapReduce

  • Explore the key differences between a local and hosted Hadoop cluster

Hadoop on a local Ubuntu host


For our exploration of Hadoop outside the cloud, we shall give examples using one or more Ubuntu hosts. A single machine (be it a physical computer or a virtual machine) will be sufficient to run all the parts of Hadoop and explore MapReduce. However, production clusters will most likely involve many more machines, so having even a development Hadoop cluster deployed on multiple hosts will be good experience. However, for getting started, a single host will suffice.

Nothing we discuss will be unique to Ubuntu, and Hadoop should run on any Linux distribution. Obviously, you may have to alter how the environment is configured if you use a distribution other than Ubuntu, but the differences should be slight.

Other operating systems

Hadoop does run well on other platforms. Windows and Mac OS X are popular choices for developers. Windows is supported only as a development platform and Mac OS X is not formally supported at all.

If you choose to use such a platform, the...

Time for action – checking the prerequisites


Hadoop is written in Java, so you will need a recent Java Development Kit (JDK) installed on the Ubuntu host. Perform the following steps to check the prerequisites:

  1. First, check what's already available by opening up a terminal and typing the following:

    $ javac
    $ java -version
    
  2. If either of these commands gives a no such file or directory or similar error, or if the latter mentions "Open JDK", it's likely you need to download the full JDK. Grab this from the Oracle download page at http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html; you should get the latest release.

  3. Once Java is installed, add the JDK/bin directory to your path and set the JAVA_HOME environment variable with commands such as the following, modified for your specific Java version:

    $ export JAVA_HOME=/opt/jdk1.6.0_24
    $ export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:${PATH}
    

What just happened?

These steps ensure the right version of Java is installed and available from the command line...

Time for action – downloading Hadoop


Carry out the following steps to download Hadoop:

  1. Go to the Hadoop download page at http://hadoop.apache.org/common/releases.html and retrieve the latest stable version of the 1.0.x branch; at the time of this writing, it was 1.0.4.

  2. You'll be asked to select a local mirror; after that you need to download the file with a name such as hadoop-1.0.4 -bin.tar.gz.

  3. Copy this file to the directory where you want Hadoop to be installed (for example, /usr/local), using the following command:

    $ cp Hadoop-1.0.4.bin.tar.gz /usr/local
    
  4. Decompress the file by using the following command:

    $ tar –xf hadoop-1.0.4-bin.tar.gz
    
  5. Add a convenient symlink to the Hadoop installation directory.

    $ ln -s /usr/local/hadoop-1.0.4 /opt/hadoop
    
  6. Now you need to add the Hadoop binary directory to your path and set the HADOOP_HOME environment variable, just as we did earlier with Java.

    $ export HADOOP_HOME=/usr/local/Hadoop
    $ export PATH=$HADOOP_HOME/bin:$PATH
    
  7. Go into the conf directory within...

Time for action – setting up SSH


Carry out the following steps to set up SSH:

  1. Create a new OpenSSL key pair with the following commands:

    $ ssh-keygen
    Generating public/private rsa key pair.
    Enter file in which to save the key (/home/hadoop/.ssh/id_rsa): 
    Created directory '/home/hadoop/.ssh'.
    Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
    Enter same passphrase again: 
    Your identification has been saved in /home/hadoop/.ssh/id_rsa.
    Your public key has been saved in /home/hadoop/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
    
    
  2. Copy the new public key to the list of authorized keys by using the following command:

    $ cp .ssh/id _rsa.pub  .ssh/authorized_keys 
    
  3. Connect to the local host.

    $ ssh localhost
    The authenticity of host 'localhost (127.0.0.1)' can't be established.
    RSA key fingerprint is b6:0c:bd:57:32:b6:66:7c:33:7b:62:92:61:fd:ca:2a.
    Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
    Warning: Permanently added 'localhost' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
    
  4. Confirm that the password-less SSH is working.

    $ ssh localhost...

Time for action – using Hadoop to calculate Pi


We will now use a sample Hadoop program to calculate the value of Pi. Right now, this is primarily to validate the installation and to show how quickly you can get a MapReduce job to execute. Assuming the HADOOP_HOME/bin directory is in your path, type the following commands:

$ Hadoop jar hadoop/hadoop-examples-1.0.4.jar  pi 4 1000
Number of Maps  = 4
Samples per Map = 1000
Wrote input for Map #0
Wrote input for Map #1
Wrote input for Map #2
Wrote input for Map #3
Starting Job
12/10/26 22:56:11 INFO jvm.JvmMetrics: Initializing JVM Metrics with processName=JobTracker, sessionId=
12/10/26 22:56:11 INFO mapred.FileInputFormat: Total input paths to process : 4
12/10/26 22:56:12 INFO mapred.JobClient: Running job: job_local_0001
12/10/26 22:56:12 INFO mapred.FileInputFormat: Total input paths to process : 4
12/10/26 22:56:12 INFO mapred.MapTask: numReduceTasks: 1

12/10/26 22:56:14 INFO mapred.JobClient:  map 100% reduce 100%
12/10/26 22:56:14...

Time for action – configuring the pseudo-distributed mode


Take a look in the conf directory within the Hadoop distribution. There are many configuration files, but the ones we need to modify are core-site.xml, hdfs-site.xml and mapred-site.xml.

  1. Modify core-site.xml to look like the following code:

    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="configuration.xsl"?>
    
    <!-- Put site-specific property overrides in this file. -->
    
    <configuration>
    <property>
    <name>fs.default.name</name>
    <value>hdfs://localhost:9000</value>
    </property>
    </configuration>
  2. Modify hdfs-site.xml to look like the following code:

    <?xml version="1.0"?>
    <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="configuration.xsl"?>
    
    <!-- Put site-specific property overrides in this file. -->
    
    <configuration>
    <property>
    <name>dfs.replication</name>
    <value>1</value>
    </property>
    </configuration>
  3. Modify mapred...

Time for action – changing the base HDFS directory


Let's first set the base directory that specifies the location on the local filesystem under which Hadoop will keep all its data. Carry out the following steps:

  1. Create a directory into which Hadoop will store its data:

    $ mkdir /var/lib/hadoop
    
  2. Ensure the directory is writeable by any user:

    $ chmod 777 /var/lib/hadoop
    
  3. Modify core-site.xml once again to add the following property:

    <property>
    <name>hadoop.tmp.dir</name>
    <value>/var/lib/hadoop</value>
    </property>

What just happened?

As we will be storing data in Hadoop and all the various components are running on our local host, this data will need to be stored on our local filesystem somewhere. Regardless of the mode, Hadoop by default uses the hadoop.tmp.dir property as the base directory under which all files and data are written.

MapReduce, for example, uses a /mapred directory under this base directory; HDFS uses /dfs. The danger is that the default value...

Time for action – formatting the NameNode


Before starting Hadoop in either pseudo-distributed or fully distributed mode for the first time, we need to format the HDFS filesystem that it will use. Type the following:

$  hadoop namenode -format

The output of this should look like the following:

$ hadoop namenode -format
12/10/26 22:45:25 INFO namenode.NameNode: STARTUP_MSG: 
/************************************************************
STARTUP_MSG: Starting NameNode
STARTUP_MSG:   host = vm193/10.0.0.193
STARTUP_MSG:   args = [-format]

12/10/26 22:45:25 INFO namenode.FSNamesystem: fsOwner=hadoop,hadoop
12/10/26 22:45:25 INFO namenode.FSNamesystem: supergroup=supergroup
12/10/26 22:45:25 INFO namenode.FSNamesystem: isPermissionEnabled=true
12/10/26 22:45:25 INFO common.Storage: Image file of size 96 saved in 0 seconds.
12/10/26 22:45:25 INFO common.Storage: Storage directory /var/lib/hadoop-hadoop/dfs/name has been successfully formatted.
12/10/26 22:45:26 INFO namenode.NameNode: SHUTDOWN_MSG...

Time for action – starting Hadoop


Unlike the local mode of Hadoop, where all the components run only for the lifetime of the submitted job, with the pseudo-distributed or fully distributed mode of Hadoop, the cluster components exist as long-running processes. Before we use HDFS or MapReduce, we need to start up the needed components. Type the following commands; the output should look as shown next, where the commands are included on the lines prefixed by $:

  1. Type in the first command:

    $ start-dfs.sh
    starting namenode, logging to /home/hadoop/hadoop/bin/../logs/hadoop-hadoop-namenode-vm193.out
    localhost: starting datanode, logging to /home/hadoop/hadoop/bin/../logs/hadoop-hadoop-datanode-vm193.out
    localhost: starting secondarynamenode, logging to /home/hadoop/hadoop/bin/../logs/hadoop-hadoop-secondarynamenode-vm193.out
    
  2. Type in the second command:

    $ jps
    9550 DataNode
    9687 Jps
    9638 SecondaryNameNode
    9471 NameNode
    
  3. Type in the third command:

    $ hadoop dfs -ls /
    Found 2 items
    drwxr-xr-x   - hadoop...

Time for action – using HDFS


As the preceding example shows, there is a familiar-looking interface to HDFS that allows us to use commands similar to those in Unix to manipulate files and directories on the filesystem. Let's try it out by typing the following commands:

Type in the following commands:

$ hadoop -mkdir /user
$ hadoop -mkdir /user/hadoop
$ hadoop fs -ls /user
Found 1 items
drwxr-xr-x   - hadoop supergroup          0 2012-10-26 23:09 /user/Hadoop
$ echo "This is a test." >> test.txt
$ cat test.txt
This is a test.
$ hadoop dfs -copyFromLocal test.txt  .
$ hadoop dfs -ls
Found 1 items
-rw-r--r--   1 hadoop supergroup         16 2012-10-26 23:19/user/hadoop/test.txt
$ hadoop dfs -cat test.txt
This is a test.
$ rm test.txt 
$ hadoop dfs -cat test.txt
This is a test.
$ hadoop fs -copyToLocal test.txt
$ cat test.txt
This is a test.

What just happened?

This example shows the use of the fs subcommand to the Hadoop utility. Note that both dfs and fs commands are equivalent). Like...

Time for action – WordCount, the Hello World of MapReduce


Many applications, over time, acquire a canonical example that no beginner's guide should be without. For Hadoop, this is WordCount – an example bundled with Hadoop that counts the frequency of words in an input text file.

  1. First execute the following commands:

    $ hadoop dfs -mkdir data
    $ hadoop dfs -cp test.txt data
    $ hadoop dfs -ls data
    Found 1 items
    -rw-r--r--   1 hadoop supergroup         16 2012-10-26 23:20 /user/hadoop/data/test.txt
    
  2. Now execute these commands:

    $ Hadoop Hadoop/hadoop-examples-1.0.4.jar  wordcount data out
    12/10/26 23:22:49 INFO input.FileInputFormat: Total input paths to process : 1
    12/10/26 23:22:50 INFO mapred.JobClient: Running job: job_201210262315_0002
    12/10/26 23:22:51 INFO mapred.JobClient:  map 0% reduce 0%
    12/10/26 23:23:03 INFO mapred.JobClient:  map 100% reduce 0%
    12/10/26 23:23:15 INFO mapred.JobClient:  map 100% reduce 100%
    12/10/26 23:23:17 INFO mapred.JobClient: Job complete: job_201210262315_0002...

Using Elastic MapReduce


We will now turn to Hadoop in the cloud, the Elastic MapReduce service offered by Amazon Web Services. There are multiple ways to access EMR, but for now we will focus on the provided web console to contrast a full point-and-click approach to Hadoop with the previous command-line-driven examples.

Setting up an account in Amazon Web Services

Before using Elastic MapReduce, we need to set up an Amazon Web Services account and register it with the necessary services.

Creating an AWS account

Amazon has integrated their general accounts with AWS, meaning that if you already have an account for any of the Amazon retail websites, this is the only account you will need to use AWS services.

Note that AWS services have a cost; you will need an active credit card associated with the account to which charges can be made.

If you require a new Amazon account, go to http://aws.amazon.com, select create a new AWS account, and follow the prompts. Amazon has added a free tier for some services...

Time for action – WordCount on EMR using the management console


Let's jump straight into an example on EMR using some provided example code. Carry out the following steps:

  1. Browse to http://aws.amazon.com, go to Developers | AWS Management Console, and then click on the Sign in to the AWS Console button. The default view should look like the following screenshot. If it does not, click on Amazon S3 from within the console.

  2. As shown in the preceding screenshot, click on the Create bucket button and enter a name for the new bucket. Bucket names must be globally unique across all AWS users, so do not expect obvious bucket names such as mybucket or s3test to be available.

  3. Click on the Region drop-down menu and select the geographic area nearest to you.

  4. Click on the Elastic MapReduce link and click on the Create a new Job Flow button. You should see a screen like the following screenshot:

  5. You should now see a screen like the preceding screenshot. Select the Run a sample application radio button and...

Comparison of local versus EMR Hadoop


After our first experience of both a local Hadoop cluster and its equivalent in EMR, this is a good point at which we can consider the differences of the two approaches.

As may be apparent, the key differences are not really about capability; if all we want is an environment to run MapReduce jobs, either approach is completely suited. Instead, the distinguishing characteristics revolve around a topic we touched on in Chapter 1, What It's All About, that being whether you prefer a cost model that involves upfront infrastructure costs and ongoing maintenance effort over one with a pay-as-you-go model with a lower maintenance burden along with rapid and conceptually infinite scalability. Other than the cost decisions, there are a few things to keep in mind:

  • EMR supports specific versions of Hadoop and has a policy of upgrading over time. If you have a need for a specific version, in particular if you need the latest and greatest versions immediately after...

Summary


We covered a lot of ground in this chapter, in regards to getting a Hadoop cluster up and running and executing MapReduce programs on it.

Specifically, we covered the prerequisites for running Hadoop on local Ubuntu hosts. We also saw how to install and configure a local Hadoop cluster in either standalone or pseudo-distributed modes. Then, we looked at how to access the HDFS filesystem and submit MapReduce jobs. We then moved on and learned what accounts are needed to access Elastic MapReduce and other AWS services.

We saw how to browse and create S3 buckets and objects using the AWS management console, and also how to create a job flow and use it to execute a MapReduce job on an EMR-hosted Hadoop cluster. We also discussed other ways of accessing AWS services and studied the differences between local and EMR-hosted Hadoop.

Now that we have learned about running Hadoop locally or on EMR, we are ready to start writing our own MapReduce programs, which is the topic of the next chapter...

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Key benefits

  • Learn tools and techniques that let you approach big data with relish and not fear
  • Shows how to build a complete infrastructure to handle your needs as your data grows
  • Hands-on examples in each chapter give the big picture while also giving direct experience

Description

Data is arriving faster than you can process it and the overall volumes keep growing at a rate that keeps you awake at night. Hadoop can help you tame the data beast. Effective use of Hadoop however requires a mixture of programming, design, and system administration skills."Hadoop Beginner's Guide" removes the mystery from Hadoop, presenting Hadoop and related technologies with a focus on building working systems and getting the job done, using cloud services to do so when it makes sense. From basic concepts and initial setup through developing applications and keeping the system running as the data grows, the book gives the understanding needed to effectively use Hadoop to solve real world problems.Starting with the basics of installing and configuring Hadoop, the book explains how to develop applications, maintain the system, and how to use additional products to integrate with other systems.While learning different ways to develop applications to run on Hadoop the book also covers tools such as Hive, Sqoop, and Flume that show how Hadoop can be integrated with relational databases and log collection.In addition to examples on Hadoop clusters on Ubuntu uses of cloud services such as Amazon, EC2 and Elastic MapReduce are covered.

Who is this book for?

This book assumes no existing experience with Hadoop or cloud services. It assumes you have familiarity with a programming language such as Java or Ruby but gives you the needed background on the other topics.

What you will learn

  • The trends that led to Hadoop and cloud services, giving the background to know when to use the technology
  • Best practices for setup and configuration of Hadoop clusters, tailoring the system to the problem at hand
  • Developing applications to run on Hadoop with examples in Java and Ruby
  • How Amazon Web Services can be used to deliver a hosted Hadoop solution and how this differs from directly-managed environments
  • Integration with relational databases, using Hive for SQL queries and Sqoop for data transfer
  • How Flume can collect data from multiple sources and deliver it to Hadoop for processing
  • What other projects and tools make up the broader Hadoop ecosystem and where to go next
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Publication date : Feb 22, 2013
Length: 398 pages
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Language : English
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Table of Contents

11 Chapters
What It's All About Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Getting Hadoop Up and Running Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Understanding MapReduce Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Developing MapReduce Programs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Advanced MapReduce Techniques Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
When Things Break Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Keeping Things Running Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
A Relational View on Data with Hive Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Relational Databases Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Data Collection with Flume Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Where to Go Next Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.7
(13 Ratings)
5 star 15.4%
4 star 46.2%
3 star 30.8%
2 star 7.7%
1 star 0%
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pc May 16, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
I got several access errors for folders and tables. There were no solutions given or those situations accounted for in this book. This book also asks to download UFO sighting dataset from InfoChimps website, which is used in several chapters. This dataset is no longer available in InfoChimps website. There was no response from the publisher when I sent them an email. The book is otherwise good.
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Lyle W Gilbert Apr 23, 2015
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A good read with one large exception, the code bundle for the book on the website and I quot " Code bundle not present for the chapter 1, 2, and 11" its in the readme after you download it. Also, not the fault of the authors, but Hadoop has changed drastically from the version used in the book, but with a few workarounds it does seem to be very informative.
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Amazon Customer Nov 08, 2014
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I like this book, it is very clear and has good examples to try out. I don't give it 5 stars because many of the examples have mistakes, many of them very obvious.
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Cheng Sep 24, 2014
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A very good book for the beginner
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Asad Abdullah Apr 29, 2014
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The good: The explanations are very clear and the author is very good at explaining what hadoop and mapreduce are and their applications. He bases his explanations on the premise that the reader has never dealt with hadoop before.The bad: There are many many mistakes in the code examples which gets very frustrating. Although these mistakes can be overcome by a google search, it does slow down the learning process.Hence I gave it a 3 star rating.One more thing to note is that this book uses hadoop 1.0.4. Although hadoop is now past 2.0, there are no major problems with downloading the latest version (in my case 2.4.0) and still using the book.
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You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela