Flipping the bit – integrity attacks against CBC algorithms

When we consider attacks against cryptographic ciphers, we usually think about those attacks against the cipher itself that allow us to break the code and recover plaintext. It's important to remember that the message can be attacked, even when the cipher remains unbroken and, indeed, even the full message is unknown. Let's consider a quick example with a plain stream cipher. Instead of XOR bits, we'll just use decimal digits and modular arithmetic.  

XOR is the exclusive-or operation. It simply compares two inputs and returns true if they are different. Of course, with binary, the inputs are either true (1) or false (0), so if the inputs are both 1 or both 0, the result will be 0.  

We'll make our message MEET AT NOON using 01 for A, 02 for B, and so...