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PostgreSQL 11 Server Side Programming Quick Start Guide
PostgreSQL 11 Server Side Programming Quick Start Guide

PostgreSQL 11 Server Side Programming Quick Start Guide: Effective database programming and interaction

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PostgreSQL 11 Server Side Programming Quick Start Guide

Statement Tricks: UPSERTs, RETURNING, and CTEs

Before taking a closer look at server-side programming, it is worth exploring some of the cool features PostgreSQL provides that allow us to enhance statements. Sometimes, developers start working in a rush to solve a specific problem, which often means writing a function, a routine, or a whole program just to inspect some data. The features provided by PostgreSQL alleviate the need to do this.

This chapter will look at some of these features, and will offer hints and tricks so that you can gain as much as possible from ordinary statements. This will not only make any problems simpler to address, but will also improve your database experience.

In particular, in day-to-day database activity, there is often the need to get back auto-generate values (for example, keys, dates, timestamps, and so on), fix insertion conflicts, and even...

Inserting, updating, or both?

The UPSERT statement is a way of performing an UPDATE over an INSERT, allowing an INSERT statement to be automatically rewritten as an UPDATE statement under certain conditions. In particular, if the INSERT statement cannot be performed due to a conflict between data that already exists and data that is going to be inserted, the UPSERT statement enables you to override this conflict.

This technique is similar to what many Object Relational Mappers (ORMs) do when a generic persistence action is performed. The ORM examines the object it has to persist (the data), and if it finds out that an object has never been seen on the database, it executes an INSERT; otherwise, it performs an UPDATE. In this way, the client code (and therefore the developer) never has to consider which database actions have to be performed to persist the data. This is also the...

Getting back modified data with RETURNING

Each write-statement (INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE) supports an optional RETURNING predicate that makes the statement return a results set with the manipulated tuples. From a conceptual point of view, it is as if these INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands are immediately followed by an automatic SELECT statement.

This feature is very useful. It allows us to get back the exact values of the manipulated tuples, such as an automatically generated key, a computed timestamp, or other non-predictable values. It also allows us to pipeline write statements one after another, as you will see later in this chapter.

Let's take a look at the RETURNING function in action. Imagine that we need to insert some random data into the files table, as follows:

testdb=> INSERT INTO files( f_name, f_hash, f_size ) 
SELECT 'file_' || v || '...

Common Table Expressions (CTEs)

Common Table Expressions (CTEs), also known as queries, take advantage of a particular syntax when writing sub-queries that make statements a lot more readable. Readability, however, is not the only reason to use CTEs: their structure also allows for a statement pipeline of sorts, and in their recursive version, they can be used to loop through joins.

Introducing CTEs

Any DML statement (such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE) can be enhanced by placing a WITH predicate before the query. Any sub-query appearing in the WITH clause can be thought of as a materialized result set over the data, or as a temporary table that exists throughout the duration of a statement. CTEs have many applications...

Summary

PostgreSQL provides advanced features that allow you to avoid writing a program to solve common problems when dealing with data structures and SQL statements. Thanks to the RETURNING predicate, it is possible for you to get back automatically generated data, such as an incremental key. Conflict resolution allows us to perform a kind of 'tuple merging' when dealing with INSERT and UPDATE statements against the same tuples, but one of its most powerful features is surely the Common Table Expression, which not only allows us to re-write complex queries by splitting them into more readable pieces, but also allows us to perform statement pipelining and recurse over a result set.

Knowing these features will allow you to interact with a PostgreSQL cluster efficiently and solve common problems in your day-to-day use quickly and easily.

In Chapter 3, The PL/pgSQL Language...

References

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Key benefits

  • Learn the concepts of PostgreSQL 11 with lots of real-world datasets and examples
  • Learn queries, data replication, and database performance
  • Extend the functionalities of your PostgreSQL instance to suit your organizational needs

Description

PostgreSQL is a rock-solid, scalable, and safe enterprise-level relational database. With a broad range of features and stability, it is ever increasing in popularity.This book shows you how to take advantage of PostgreSQL 11 features for server-side programming. Server-side programming enables strong data encapsulation and coherence. The book begins with the importance of server-side programming and explains the risks of leaving all the checks outside the database. To build your capabilities further, you will learn how to write stored procedures, both functions and the new PostgreSQL 11 procedures, and create triggers to perform encapsulation and maintain data consistency. You will also learn how to produce extensions, the easiest way to package your programs for easy and solid deployment on different PostgreSQL installations.

Who is this book for?

This book is for database administrators, data engineers, and database engineers who want to implement advanced functionalities and master complex administrative tasks with PostgreSQL 11.

What you will learn

  • Explore data encapsulation
  • Write stored procedures in different languages
  • Interact with transactions from within a function
  • Get to grips with triggers and rules
  • Create and manage custom data types
  • Create extensions to package code and data
  • Implement background workers and Inter-Process Communication (IPC)
  • How to deal with foreign languages, in particular Java and Perl
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Length: 260 pages
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Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789342222
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Table of Contents

11 Chapters
PostgreSQL Server-side Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Statement Tricks: UPSERTs, RETURNING, and CTEs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The PL/pgSQL Language Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Stored Procedures Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
PL/Perl and PL/Java Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Triggers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Rules and the Query Rewriting System Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Extensions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Inter Process Communication and Background Workers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Custom Data Types Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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Kimberly Apr 23, 2021
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Am reading a copy of this book via a work resource, and it is seriously good. Great examples, in depth explanations. If you're new to postgres or new to doing actual programming in postgres, start here. This book provides the *why* behind the code, and provides clear examples from basic to advanced. This one is worth your time.
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