Particle simulator in Cython

Now that we have a basic understanding of how Cython works, we can rewrite the ParticleSimulator.evolve method. Thanks to Cython, we can convert our loops in C, thus removing the overhead introduced by the Python interpreter.

In Chapter 3, Fast Array Operations with NumPy and Pandas, we wrote a fairly efficient version of the evolve method using NumPy. We can rename the old version as evolve_numpy to differentiate it from the new version:

    def evolve_numpy(self, dt): 
        timestep = 0.00001 
        nsteps = int(dt/timestep) 

        r_i = np.array([[p.x, p.y] for p in self.particles])     
        ang_speed_i = np.array([p.ang_speed for p in self.particles]) 
        v_i = np.empty_like(r_i) 

        for i in range(nsteps): 
            norm_i = np.sqrt((r_i ** 2).sum(axis=1)) 

            v_i = r_i[:, [1, 0]] 
            v_i[:, 0] *= -1 
            v_i /= norm_i[:, np.newaxis]         

            d_i = timestep * ang_speed_i[:, np.newaxis] * v_i...