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Troubleshooting PostgreSQL
Troubleshooting PostgreSQL

Troubleshooting PostgreSQL: Intercept problems and challenges typically faced by PostgreSQL database administrators with the best troubleshooting techniques

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Troubleshooting PostgreSQL

Chapter 2. Creating Data Structures

This chapter is dedicated to data structures and their creation. The following topics will be covered:

  • Grouping columns the right way
  • Deciding on the right data type

Grouping columns the right way

Some people might wonder what is meant by the title of this section. Does it make a difference which order columns are aligned in? This might be a bit surprising, but it does. Even if a table contains the same data, its size on the disk might vary depending on the order of columns. Here is an example:

test=# CREATE TABLE t_test (  i1 int,
          i2 int,
          i3 int,
          v1 varchar(100),
          v2 varchar(100),
          v3 varchar(100)
);
CREATE TABLE
test=# INSERT INTO t_test SELECT 10, 20, 30,
  'abcd', 'abcd', 'abcd'
  FROM generate_series(1, 10000000);
INSERT 0 10000000

A table with three columns has been created. First of all, there are three integer columns. Then some varchar columns are added. In the second statement, 10 million rows are added. The generate_series command is a nice way to generate a list of numbers. In this example, the output of generate_series is not used. I am just utilizing the function...

Deciding on data types and structure

After this brief introduction to organizing columns, it makes sense to discuss various other issues, such as choosing the right data type and normalization. Normalization is a standard technique to organize data and it has proven to be essential over the years. The idea is to avoid redundancy to ensure that changes only have to be made in one place. To make your database project a success, deciding on proper types is essential and will help to prevent a great deal of trouble later on in the project. The goal of this chapter is to make you aware of the potentials of using the right types.

Finding the right type

Finding the right data type sounds easy. However, there is a lot to consider, and there are some issues that might actually cause problems.

varchar versus text

The first two types to be compared are varchar and text. Have you ever seen a data structure like this?

test=# CREATE TABLE t_product (
  prodnr     int,
  name       varchar(20),
  description...

Deciding on normalization

When starting with databases, one of the first things people learn is data normalization. Normalization makes a lot of sense because it helps to reduce redundancy and it ensures that data is structured in a professional and nice way.

However, in some cases, normalization is taken way too far.

The 7th normal form

As mentioned in many cases, normalization can be easily exaggerated. In such a case, performance will suffer and things will be really complex. Here is an example of normalization taken too far: a few years ago, a professor at a local university confronted me with an interesting example when I was talking to students. He told me that he uses the following example to explain to students that normalization can easily be taken too far. He invented the 7th normal form (which, of course, does not exist in professional database literature).

Here is an example:

test=# CREATE TABLE t_test (name text);
CREATE TABLE
test=# INSERT INTO t_test VALUES ('sealevel&apos...

Summary

In this chapter, you learned how to optimize data structures by avoiding some basic pitfalls. Of course, a discussion of how to write data structures properly can never be exhaustive, and around 10 pages are never enough. However, the idea of this chapter was to introduce some of the lesser-known aspects of these topics that you might be able to use to fix your applications.

The next chapter is all about troubleshooting in the sphere of indexing.

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Description

If you are a database administrator looking for solutions to common PostgreSQL problems, this is the book for you. The book is suitable for people with intermediate and professional expertise.

Who is this book for?

If you are a database administrator looking for solutions to common PostgreSQL problems, this is the book for you. The book is suitable for people with intermediate and professional expertise.

What you will learn

  • Detect bottlenecks caused by missing indexes
  • Optimize your data structures for optimal memory footprint
  • Write better, performanceoptimized stored procedures
  • Monitor PostgreSQL in an efficient way and deal with system corruption and filesystem issues
  • Detect replicationrelated problems and make replication more failsafe
  • Fix missing indexes and problems arising out of transaction locking
  • Find slow queries and optimize your system for speed
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Mar 30, 2015
Length: 164 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783555314
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Publication date : Mar 30, 2015
Length: 164 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783555314
Category :
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Frequently bought together


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Total R$ 796.97
Troubleshooting PostgreSQL
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PostgreSQL Replication, Second Edition
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Learning PostgreSQL
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Total R$ 796.97 Stars icon
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Table of Contents

11 Chapters
1. Installing PostgreSQL Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Creating Data Structures Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Handling Indexes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Reading Data Efficiently and Correctly Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Getting Transactions and Locking Right Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Writing Proper Procedures Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. PostgreSQL Monitoring Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Fixing Backups and Replication Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Handling Hardware and Software Disasters Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. A Standard Approach to Troubleshooting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.2
(5 Ratings)
5 star 60%
4 star 20%
3 star 0%
2 star 20%
1 star 0%
Charles Feduke Aug 20, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Phenomenal book, gets right to the point and reads quickly and conversationally. We had some issues with performance with ingesting large data sets and I was able to read this book in an afternoon and figure out where we needed to go in order to speed things up. There's a ton of just really great info in this book and pretty much no beginner info, other than clarifications where the official documentation might be ambiguous.The only missing thing in the indexing chapter is a discussion about full text indexing (which does a really great job of performing better than the pg_trgm extension suggested in that chapter for our particular use case - wildcard matching with unanchored LIKE predicates).
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Charles C. Jensen May 27, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Excellent guide on troubleshooting PostgreSQL--offers a few good tips not covered as thoroughly in my other PostgreSQL books. Very handy reference with with examples and illustrations.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Lisa P. Jul 19, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Libro che offre spunti davvero molto interessanti per configurare postgres e strutturare/gestire al meglio i propri database. Utile anche da affiancare alla documentazione ufficiali.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
tony Jul 12, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
I felt like I learned quite a bit by reading this book. As someone who works on an ops team that uses PostgreSQL as part of our stack, there were a few things that I found fairly helpful such as the queries related to finding out how Postgres determines the best method of execution and how the order of a query is executed. The query order outline was very helpful. Additionally, this book highlights some useful functionality that is already contained in PostgreSQL, such as the distance operator for geometric values, that save time by including it as a query instead of having to write a specific function.In terms of its organization, it seems to touch on all of the most common pain points such as indices, normalization (although it doesn't touch too much on the concept except to explain how this can get out of hand), replication, joins, etc. I'll continue to use this book as a reference, especially when going through the PostgreSQL documentation to research a problem finds daunting (although I'm usually able to find what I'm looking for with a simple search).I would note that this book is, like PostgreSQL in general, much more for Linux, a little less for OSX and a lot less for Windows. Some sections, such as modifying the OS parameters (primarily kernels) for optimization require some background knowledge as the different kernel parameters are not explained so much as they are presented as "change your kernel parameter to this". Other concepts, such as checksums, are recommended but not necessarily explained very much (although a Google search or browse on Wikipedia should clear that up if you're not familiar).I don't think this book is so much for someone who's working with PostgreSQL for the very first time, but intermediate users should not have any issues following along and picking up tips to optimize their performance. The explanations on data type comparisons were pretty good as well.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Luca Ferrari Dec 05, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
I work with PostgreSQL since version 7.3, I don't claim to be an expert, but I believe I know enough concepts about such system. The book is interesting, but it just points out to possible problems the author had faced during his life. I was expecting something more complex and deeper, like an index checklist or hardware sizing.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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