Preface
Cybersecurity is one of the most interesting topics and demanding fields in the world. As the world continues to evolve, the same can be said for our technological advances to help humans improve the way they perform tasks. However, there are many systems and networks around us that contain hidden security weaknesses that are taken advantage of by adversaries such as hackers. As a cybersecurity author and lecturer, I’ve heard from many professionals, enthusiasts, and students about the importance of finding a book that guides the reader to thoroughly understand how to efficiently perform reconnaissance techniques and procedures to identify and reduce the attack surface of their organizations.
Reconnaissance is the first phase of any cyber-attack performed by an adversary. The attacker needs to understand the infrastructure of the target, identify whether any security vulnerabilities exist and how to exploit them, and what attack vectors can be used to carry out the attack on the target. Without such intelligence about the target, the hacker will experience difficulties in compromising the potential victim. As an aspiring ethical hacker, it’s essential to understand the Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) that are commonly used by real hackers to discover hidden security vulnerabilities and apply those TTPs to help improve the cyber defenses of your organization.
Organizations commonly leak too much sensitive data about themselves on the internet without realizing how such data can be leveraged by a threat actor in planning a future attack on their target. Learning reconnaissance-based techniques and procedures helps ethical hackers to identify how organizations are leaking data, determine the potential impact and cyber-risk to an organization if an attacker were to leverage the leaked data to execute a cyber-attack, and how to mitigate and implement countermeasures to improve the cyber defenses of the company.
Over the years, I’ve researched and developed a lot of cybersecurity-related content, and one of the most important elements of being an ethical hacker and penetration tester is the need to keep up to date with the ever-changing cybersecurity landscape. There are new tools, techniques, and procedures that are being developed and used by cybersecurity professionals in the industry to ensure they are at least one step ahead of cyber-criminals and help secure their organizations’ assets. As a result, ethical hackers and penetration testers need to be well equipped with the latest knowledge, techniques, skills, and tools to efficiently perform reconnaissance-based attacks and Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) penetration testing to determine the attack surface of their organization.
During the writing process of this book, I’ve used a student-centric and learner-friendly approach to ensure all readers are able to easily understand the most complex topics, terminologies, and why there is a need to identify security vulnerabilities in organizations, systems, and networks.
This book begins by introducing you to the importance of reconnaissance and how both cybersecurity professionals and adversaries use it to identify vulnerable points of entry in a company. Then, you’ll be taken through an exciting journey learning how to apply reconnaissance-based TTPs that are commonly used by adversaries to efficiently collect and analyze publicly available data to create a profile about their targets’ systems and network infrastructure. You will learn how to set up a sock puppet and anonymize your internet-based traffic to conceal your identity as an ethical hacker to reduce your threat level during reconnaissance assessments.
Furthermore, you’ll discover how people and organizations are leaking data about themselves and how adversaries can leverage it to improve their cyber-attacks and threats. You’ll also learn how to leverage OSINT and common tools to identify exposed systems and networks within organizations, gather leaked employees’ credentials, and perform wireless signals intelligence to better understand how a potential hacker can compromise their targets.
In addition, you will gain hands-on skills in performing active reconnaissance to identify live systems, open ports, running services, and operating systems, and perform vulnerability assessments to identify how an attacker can identify security vulnerabilities on a system and what organizations can do to mitigate the threat. Furthermore, you’ll learn how to identify the attack surface of a target’s website and infrastructure and discover additional assets owned by the same target. Lastly, you’ll discover how to leverage Wireshark and popular open source tools to identify reconnaissance-based attacks and threats on a network as a cybersecurity professional.
Upon completing this book, you’ll have been taken on an amazing journey from beginner to expert by learning, understanding, and developing your reconnaissance-based skills in ethical hacking and penetration testing as an aspiring cybersecurity professional in the industry.
