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Home > Cloud & Networking > Build Automation > Mastering Apache Maven 3
Mastering Apache Maven 3
Mastering Apache Maven 3

Mastering Apache Maven 3: Enhance developer productivity and address exact enterprise build requirements by extending Maven

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Mastering Apache Maven 3

Chapter 2. Demystifying Project Object Model

Project Object Model (POM) is at the heart of any Maven project. This chapter focuses on core concepts and best practices related to POM in building a large-scale, multimodule Maven project.

As we proceed with this chapter, we will be discussing the following topics:

  • The POM hierarchy, super POM, and parent POM
  • Extending and overriding POM files
  • Maven coordinates
  • Managing dependencies
  • Transitive dependencies
  • Dependency scopes and optional dependencies

    Note

    In Maven 1, the equivalent to today's pom.xml file was identified as project.xml. Maven 2 renamed it to pom.xml. More details about the POM are available at http://maven.apache.org/pom.html.

Project Object Model

Any Maven project must have a pom.xml file. POM is the Maven project descriptor, just like the web.xml file in your Java EE web application or the build.xml file in your Ant project. The following code lists out all the key elements in a Maven pom.xml file. As we proceed with the book, we will discuss how to use each element in the most effective manner:

<project>
  <parent>...</parent>
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
  <groupId>...</groupId>
  <artifactId>...</artifactId>
  <version>...</version>
  <packaging>...</packaging>
   
   <name>...</name>
  <description>...</description>
  <url>...</url>   
  <inceptionYear>...</inceptionYear>
  <licenses>...</licenses>
  <organization>...</organization>
  <developers>...</developers>
  <contributors>...</contributors>


  <dependencies>.....

The POM hierarchy

POM files maintain a parent-child relationship between them. A child POM file inherits all the configuration elements from its parent POM file. This is how Maven sticks to its design philosophy, which is convention over configuration. The minimal POM configuration for any Maven project is extremely simple, which is as follows:

<project>
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
  <groupId>com.packt</groupId>
  <artifactId>sample-one</artifactId>
  <version>1.0.0</version>
</project>

Super POM

Any POM file can point to its parent POM. If the parent POM element is missing, then there is a system-wide POM file that is automatically treated as the parent POM file. This POM file is well known as the super POM. Ultimately, all the application POM files get extended from the super POM. The super POM file is at the top of the POM hierarchy, and it is bundled inside MAVEN_HOME/lib/maven-model-builder-3.2.3.jar - org/apache/maven/model/pom-4.0.0.xml. In Maven 2, this was bundled inside maven-2.X.X-uber.jar. All the default configurations are defined in the super POM file. Even the simplest form of a POM file will inherit all the configurations defined in the super POM file. Whatever configuration you need to override, you can do it by redefining the same section in your application POM file. The following lines of code show the super POM file configuration, which comes with Maven 3.2.3:

<project>
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

The Maven central is the only...

POM extending and overriding

Let's see how POM overriding works. In the following example, we extend the repositories section to add one more repository to what is defined in the Maven super POM file:

<project>
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
  <groupId>com.packt</groupId>
  <artifactId>sample-one</artifactId>
  <version>1.0.0</version>

  <repositories>
    <repository>
      <id>wso2-nexus</id>
      <name>WSO2 internal Repository</name>
      <url>http://maven.wso2.org/nexus/content/groups/wso2-public/
      </url>
      <releases>
        <enabled>true</enabled>
        <updatePolicy>daily</updatePolicy>
        <checksumPolicy>ignore</checksumPolicy>
      </releases>
    </repository>
  </repositories>

</project>

Type the following command from the directory, where you have the previous POM file:

$ mvn help...

Maven coordinates

Maven coordinates identify uniquely a project, a dependency, or a plugin defined in POM. Each entity is uniquely identified by the combination of a group identifier, an artifact identifier, and the version (and, of course, with the packaging and the classifier). The group identifier is a way of grouping different Maven artifacts. For example, a set of artifacts produced by a company can be grouped under the same group identifier. The artifact identifier is the way you identify an artifact, which could be JAR, WAR, or any other type of an artifact uniquely within a given group. The version element lets you keep the same artifact in different versions in the same repository.

Note

A valid Maven POM file must have groupId, artifactId, and version. The groupId and the version elements can also be inherited from the parent POM file.

All these three coordinates of a given Maven artifact are used to define its path in the Maven repository. If we take the following example, the corresponding...

Project Object Model

Any Maven project must have a pom.xml file. POM is the Maven project descriptor, just like the web.xml file in your Java EE web application or the build.xml file in your Ant project. The following code lists out all the key elements in a Maven pom.xml file. As we proceed with the book, we will discuss how to use each element in the most effective manner:

<project>
  <parent>...</parent>
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
  <groupId>...</groupId>
  <artifactId>...</artifactId>
  <version>...</version>
  <packaging>...</packaging>
   
   <name>...</name>
  <description>...</description>
  <url>...</url>   
  <inceptionYear>...</inceptionYear>
  <licenses>...</licenses>
  <organization>...</organization>
  <developers>...</developers>
  <contributors>...</contributors>


  <dependencies>...&lt...

The POM hierarchy

POM files maintain a parent-child relationship between them. A child POM file inherits all the configuration elements from its parent POM file. This is how Maven sticks to its design philosophy, which is convention over configuration. The minimal POM configuration for any Maven project is extremely simple, which is as follows:

<project>
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
  <groupId>com.packt</groupId>
  <artifactId>sample-one</artifactId>
  <version>1.0.0</version>
</project>

Super POM

Any POM file can point to its parent POM. If the parent POM element is missing, then there is a system-wide POM file that is automatically treated as the parent POM file. This POM file is well known as the super POM. Ultimately, all the application POM files get extended from the super POM. The super POM file is at the top of the POM hierarchy, and it is bundled inside MAVEN_HOME/lib/maven-model-builder-3.2.3.jar - org/apache/maven/model/pom-4.0.0.xml. In Maven 2, this was bundled inside maven-2.X.X-uber.jar. All the default configurations are defined in the super POM file. Even the simplest form of a POM file will inherit all the configurations defined in the super POM file. Whatever configuration you need to override, you can do it by redefining the same section in your application POM file. The following lines of code show the super POM file configuration, which comes with Maven 3.2.3:

<project>
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

The Maven central is the only...

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Description

If you are working with Java or Java EE projects and you want to take full advantage of Maven in designing, executing, and maintaining your build system for optimal developer productivity, then this book is ideal for you. You should be well versed with Maven and its basic functionality if you wish to get the most out of the book.

What you will learn

  • Apply Maven best practices in designing a build system to improve developer productivity Customize the build process to suit your enterprise needs by developing custom Maven plugins, lifecycles, and archetypes Implement and deploy a Maven repository manager to manage the build process in a better and smoother way Design the build in a way that prevents any maintenance nightmares with proper dependency management Optimize Maven configuration settings Create your own distribution archive using Maven assemblies Build custom Maven lifecycles and lifecycle extensions

Product Details

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Publication date : Dec 29, 2014
Length: 298 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783983872
Vendor :
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Category :
Cloud & Networking
Concepts :
Build Automation
Tools :
Maven

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Publication date : Dec 29, 2014
Length: 298 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783983872
Vendor :
Apache
Category :
Cloud & Networking
Concepts :
Build Automation
Tools :
Maven

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Mastering Apache Maven 3
Mastering Apache Maven 3
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Dec 2014 298 pages
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Mastering Apache Maven 3
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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
1. Apache Maven Quick Start Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. Apache Maven Quick Start
A quick introduction
Installing Apache Maven
Configuring the heap size
Monitoring the build
Remote debugging
Convention over configuration
IDE integration
Troubleshooting
Summary
2. Demystifying Project Object Model Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Demystifying Project Object Model
Project Object Model
The POM hierarchy
Super POM
POM extending and overriding
Maven coordinates
Parent POM file
Managing POM dependencies
Summary
3. Maven Configuration Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Maven Configuration
Maven Wagon
Proxy authentication
Secured repositories
Encrypting credentials in settings.xml
Source Control Management systems
Local repository location
Mirrored repositories
Deploying artifacts
Enabling Maven logging
Summary
4. Build Lifecycles Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Build Lifecycles
Standard lifecycles in Maven
Lifecycle bindings
Building a custom lifecycle
Lifecycle extensions
Summary
5. Maven Plugins Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Maven Plugins
Common Maven plugins
Plugin discovery and execution
Plexus
Maven and Dependency Injection
Developing custom plugins
Summary
6. Maven Assemblies Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Maven Assemblies
The assembly plugin
The assembly descriptor
Artifact/resource filtering
Assembly help
A runnable, standalone Maven project
Summary
7. Maven Archetypes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Maven Archetypes
Archetype quickstart
The batch mode
Archetype catalogues
The archetype plugin goals
Maven plugins with the archetype plugin
Java EE web applications with the archetype plugin
Android mobile applications with the archetype plugin
EJB archives with the archetype plugin
JIRA plugins with the archetype plugin
Spring MVC applications with the archetype plugin
Building a custom archetype
Summary
8. Maven Repository Management Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Maven Repository Management
Maven repositories
The update policy
Multiple repositories
The Maven repository manager
Creating a proxy repository
Creating a virtual repository
Blocking selected artifacts
Inclusive and exclusive routing
Scheduled tasks
Artifact indexing
Nexus plugins
A repository metadata model
Summary
9. Best Practices Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Best Practices
Dependency management
Defining a parent module
POM properties
Avoiding repetitive groupId and version tags and inherit from the parent POM
Following naming conventions
Maven profiles
Think twice before you write your own plugin
The Maven release plugin
The Maven enforcer plugin
Avoid using un-versioned plugins
Using exclusive and inclusive routes
Avoid having both release and snapshot repositories in the same group repository
Avoid having both proxy and hosted repositories in the same group repository
Minimizing the number of repositories
Using mirrorOf instead of changing repository URLs
Descriptive parent POM files
Documentation is your friend
Avoid overriding the default directory structure
Using SNAPSHOT versioning during development
Get rid of unused dependencies
Avoid keeping credentials in application POM files
Avoid using deprecated references
Avoid repetition – use archetypes
Avoid using maven.test.skip
Share resources – avoid duplicates
Summary
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index

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Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.3
(3 Ratings)
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4 star 66.7%
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Eri hamilton Otero Jan 12, 2024
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
This is a very good book! 100% recommended
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Marek Wieczorek Feb 17, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
As a Maven newbie, I feel I learned a lot from the book.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Marcos May 02, 2015
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
Good book. Very complete. It is not a cookbook style. It is more like a complete reference
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About the author

Profile icon Siriwardena
Siriwardena
Prabath Siriwardena is the director of Security Architecture at WSO2 Inc., a company that produces a wide variety of open source software from data to screen. He is a member of OASIS Identity Metasystem Interoperability (IMI) TC, OASIS eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) TC, OASIS Security Services (SAML) TC, OASIS Identity in the Cloud TC, and OASIS Cloud Authorization (CloudAuthZ) TC. Prabath is also a member of PMC Apache Axis and has spoken at numerous international conferences, including OSCON, ApacheCon, WSO2Con, EIC, IDentity Next, and OSDC. He has more than 10 years of industry experience and has worked with many Fortune 100 companies.
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