For over 20 years, the most popular programming languages have been based on the principles of object-oriented programming (OOP). The rise in popularity of OOP languages is largely to do with the benefits of being able to abstract complex logic into a structure, called an object, that can be more easily explained, and, more importantly, reused within an application. In essence, OOP is a software design approach, that is, a pattern for developing software using the concept of objects that contain data and functionality. As the software industry matured, patterns appeared in OOP for commonly occurring problems, as they were effective in solving the same problems but across different contexts and industries. As software moved from the mainframe to client servers and then to the cloud, additional patterns have emerged to help in reducing development...
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