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Hands-On Docker for Microservices with Python
Hands-On Docker for Microservices with Python

Hands-On Docker for Microservices with Python: Design, deploy, and operate a complex system with multiple microservices using Docker and Kubernetes

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Hands-On Docker for Microservices with Python

Making the Move – Design, Plan, and Execute

As web services get more and more complex, and software service companies grow in size, we require new ways of working to adapt and increase the speed of change, while setting a high quality standard. Microservices architecture has emerged as one of the best tools to control big software systems, enabled by new tools such as containers and orchestrators. We will start by presenting the differences between the traditional monolith architecture and the microservices architecture, as well as the advantages of moving to the latter. We will cover how to structure an architecture migration and how to plan to succeed in this difficult process.

In this book, we will deal with web server services, though some of the ideas can be used for other kinds of software applications, obviously by adapting them. The monolith/microservice architectures...

Technical requirements

The traditional monolith approach and its problems

The traditional approach to the software when developing a system has been to create a monolith. This is a fancy word to say a single element, containing everything, and it is the way virtually every project starts. In the context of web applications, that means creating deployable code that can be replicated so that requests can be directed to any of the deployed copies:

After all, every project will start off small. Making strict divisions early on is inconvenient and even doesn't make sense. A newly created project is small and probably handled by a single developer. While the design can fit in the head of a few people, making strict boundaries between parts of the system is counterproductive.

There are a lot of options for running a web service, but one will typically consist of one or more servers (physical boxes, virtual...

The characteristics of a microservices approach

The monolith approach works until the point it doesn't. But, what is the alternative? That's where the microservices architecture enters into the scene.

A system following a microservices architecture is a collection of loosely coupled specialized services that work in unison to provide a comprehensive service. Let's divide the definition a bit, in more specific terms:

  1. A collection of specialized services, meaning that there are different, well-defined modules.
  2. Loosely coupled, meaning that each of the microservices can be independently deployed.
  3. That work in unison—each microservice is capable of communicating with others.
  4. To provide a comprehensive service, because our microservice system will need to replicate the same functionalities that were available using a monolith approach. There is an intent behind...

Parallel deployment and development speed

The single most important element is the capacity to deploy independently. Rule number one for creating a successful microservices system is to ensure that each microservice can operate as independently as possible from the rest. That includes development, testing, and deployment.

This is the key element that allows developing in parallel between different teams, allowing them to scale the work. This increases the speed of change in a complex system.

The team responsible for a specific microservice needs to be capable of deploying a new version of the microservice without interrupting any other teams or services. The objective is to increase the number of deployments and the speed of each of them.

The microservice architecture is strongly related to Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment principles. Small services are easy to...

Challenges and red flags

We've discussed a lot of advantages that the microservice architecture has over a monolith, but migrating is a massive undertaking that should not be underestimated.

Systems get started as monoliths, as it is simpler and allows for quicker iteration in a small code base. In any new company, pivoting and changing the code, searching for a successful business model is critical. This takes preference over clear structures and architecture separations—it is the way it should be.

However, once the system matures, the company grows. As more and more developers get involved, the advantages of a monolith start to become less evident, and the need for long-term strategy and structure becomes more important. More structure doesn't necessarily mean moving toward a microservice architecture. A great deal can be achieved with a well-architected monolith...

Analyzing the current system

The very first step, as we defined before, to migrate from a monolith to a collection of microservices is understanding the current system. This stage should not be underestimated. It is highly likely that no single person has a good understanding of the different components of the monolith, especially if some parts are legacy.

The objective of this phase is to determine whether a change to microservices will actually be beneficial and to get an initial idea of what microservices will be the result of the migration. As we have discussed, making the move is a big investment and should not be taken lightly. Making a detailed estimation of the effort required won't be possible at this stage; uncertainty will be big at this point, but a thousand-mile journey starts with a single step.

The effort involved will vastly depend on how structured the monolith...

Preparing and adapting by measuring usage

Obviously, any real-world system will be more complicated than our example. There's a limit to what a code analysis can discover just by looking at it carefully, and plans often don't survive contact with the real world.

Any division needs to be validated to ensure that it will have the expected result and that the effort will be worth it. So double-check that the system is working the way you think it is working.

The ability to know how a live system is working is called observability. The main tools for it are metrics and logs. The problem you'll find is that they will normally be configured to reflect external requests and give no information about internal modules. We will talk about the observability of systems in depth in Chapter 10, Monitoring Logs and Metrics. You can refer to it for more information and apply the...

Strategic planning to break the monolith

As we've discussed previously, moving from the initial state to the desired one will be a slow process. Not only because it involves new ways of doing things, but also because it will happen in parallel with other features and developments that are "business as usual." Being realistic, the company's business activities will not stop. That's why a plan should be in place to allow a smooth transition between one state and the other.

This is known as the strangler pattern (https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/architecture/patterns/strangler)—replacing parts of a system gradually until the old system is "strangled" and can be removed safely.

There are a few alternatives as to what technical approach to take to make the move and how to divide each of the elements to migrate to the new system:

  • The...

Executing the move

The final step is to execute the carefully devised plan to start moving from the outdated monolith to the new promised land of microservices!

But this stage of the trip can actually be the longest and most difficult—especially if we want to keep the services running and not have outages that interrupt our business.

The single most important idea during this phase is backward compatibility. This means that the system is still behaving as the old system was from an external point of view. If we are able to behave like that, we can transparently change our internal operation while our customers are able to continue their operations uninterrupted.

That's obviously more easy to say than to do and sometimes has been referred to as starting a race with a Ford T and ending it with a Ferrari, changing every single piece of it without stopping. The good news...

Summary

In this chapter, we saw what the differences are between the traditional monolith approach and microservices architecture, and how microservices allow us to scale development across several teams and improve the delivery of quality software.

We discussed the main challenges that are faced during a transition from a monolith to microservices and how to perform the change in different stages: analyzing the current system, measuring to validate our assumptions, creating a plan to split the monolith in a controlled way, and tactics to successfully perform the move.

Though this chapter was written in a technology-agnostic way, we've learned why Docker containers are a great way of implementing microservices, something that will be explored in the following chapters. You also now know how using a load balancer helps to maintain backward compatibility and deploy new services...

Questions

  1. What is a monolith?
  2. What are some of the problems of monoliths?
  3. Describe the microservice architecture.
  4. Which is the most important property of microservices?
  5. What are the main challenges to overcome in a migration from a monolith to microservices?
  6. What are the basic steps to make such a migration?
  7. Describe how to use a load balancer to migrate from an old server to a new one without interrupting the system.

Further reading

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Key benefits

  • Learn to use Docker containers to create, operate, and deploy your microservices
  • Create workflows to manage independent deployments on coordinating services using CI and GitOps through GitHub, Travis CI, and Flux
  • Develop a REST microservice in Python using the Flask framework and Postgres database

Description

Microservices architecture helps create complex systems with multiple, interconnected services that can be maintained by independent teams working in parallel. This book guides you on how to develop these complex systems with the help of containers. You’ll start by learning to design an efficient strategy for migrating a legacy monolithic system to microservices. You’ll build a RESTful microservice with Python and learn how to encapsulate the code for the services into a container using Docker. While developing the services, you’ll understand how to use tools such as GitHub and Travis CI to ensure continuous delivery (CD) and continuous integration (CI). As the systems become complex and grow in size, you’ll be introduced to Kubernetes and explore how to orchestrate a system of containers while managing multiple services. Next, you’ll configure Kubernetes clusters for production-ready environments and secure them for reliable deployments. In the concluding chapters, you’ll learn how to detect and debug critical problems with the help of logs and metrics. Finally, you’ll discover a variety of strategies for working with multiple teams dealing with different microservices for effective collaboration. By the end of this book, you’ll be able to build production-grade microservices as well as orchestrate a complex system of services using containers.

Who is this book for?

This book is for developers, engineers, or software architects who are trying to move away from traditional approaches for building complex multi-service systems by adopting microservices and containers. Although familiarity with Python programming is assumed, no prior knowledge of Docker is required.

What you will learn

  • Discover how to design, test, and operate scalable microservices
  • Coordinate and deploy different services using Kubernetes
  • Use Docker to construct scalable and manageable applications with microservices
  • Understand how to monitor a complete system to ensure early detection of problems
  • Become well versed with migrating from an existing monolithic system to a microservice one
  • Use load balancing to ensure seamless operation between the old monolith and the new service
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Publication date : Nov 22, 2019
Length: 408 pages
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Table of Contents

18 Chapters
Section 1: Introduction to Microservices Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Making the Move – Design, Plan, and Execute Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 2: Designing and Operating a Single Service – Creating a Docker Container Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating a REST Service with Python Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Build, Run, and Test Your Service Using Docker Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating a Pipeline and Workflow Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 3:Working with Multiple Services – Operating the System through Kubernetes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Kubernetes to Coordinate Microservices Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Local Development with Kubernetes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Configuring and Securing the Production System Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using GitOps Principles Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Managing Workflows Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 4: Production-Ready System – Making It Work in Real-Life Environments Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Monitoring Logs and Metrics Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Handling Change, Dependencies, and Secrets in the System Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Collaborating and Communicating across Teams Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Assessments Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.8
(5 Ratings)
5 star 60%
4 star 0%
3 star 20%
2 star 0%
1 star 20%
Gene Oct 29, 2023
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
I was trying to run the code for the second chapter and it seems like it doesn't work anymore as of 2023. I also looked at the Github repository for any updates provided with this book. This is a dependency issue I believe. I will check if Amazon can give me a refund or if the author can respond. I will change my review.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Joe Brown Feb 19, 2021
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Disclaimer: The publisher reached out to me to review this book and has given me a review copy to do so. However, I promise to be 100% honest and completely forthcoming in my review of this book. In addition I am not obliged to review this book, I am simply doing so because I believed this book left enough of an impact for me to leave a review for it.Overview: This book is designed to teach people who have some knowledge of Software Design & Architecture but don’t have hands on experience with micro-services.While the book does say it is for those who know docker and python, I don’t think you need to be an expert at either to be able to understand the content of this book. The Docker stuff is explained very thoroughly and most of concepts you learn in this book can be applied to any language/framework.What I liked: I enjoyed how the book broke down micro-services and it’s uses. I felt that the diagrams as a whole were very well done and helped me understand the concepts. The programming examples were simple, yet real enough for you to connect the dots for a real world use case. I also enjoyed the fact that it went into the use of Docker containers for CI/CD. It’s an area that is generally avoided in books similar to this one, but it is an area that should be gone over more.What I didn’t like: Honestly, there wasn’t a lot that I didn’t like. While I said most diagrams were good, some diagrams were a bit small. In addition, I think it would be good to talk a little bit more about load balancing and also to dive a bit deeper about how to effectively scope a service.Final thoughts:This book does an excellent job introducing someone into Docker, Kubernetes, and Micro-services. Many of the concepts in this book will also pop-up during a System Design interview for larger tech companies, so it’s good preparation for those as well. This is a book I would highly recommend for anyone who wants to learn the basics and uses of Docker, Kubernetes, and Microservices.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Amazon Customer Dec 31, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Recomendo a leitura, livro bem completo abrangendo todo o ciclo do processo, com exemplos e referências complementares. Contribuiu de forma significativa para entendimento da transformação de monolíticos para microservicos.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Cooper Brevard Oct 16, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
The technologies and idioms presented here are compelling, but the prose is oftentimes confusing and the book suffers from a lack of diagrams (for example, when the process of introducing a load balancer is discussed). Those diagrams that are provided aren't particularly elucidating.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Sean O'Donnell Nov 25, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
*Note: I served as a technical reviewer on this book*This book's title undersells whats inside. More than just an excellent technical guide to working with Microservices & Kubernetes, it provides a complete workflow and development philosophy to go with it. if you were setting up a development team for the first time, following the processes and guidelines in this book would give you an organization others will struggle to match. I highly recommend this book and it was a pleasure to review it.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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