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Home > Programming > Application Development > CMake Cookbook
CMake Cookbook
CMake Cookbook

CMake Cookbook: Building, testing, and packaging modular software with modern CMake

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CMake Cookbook

From a Simple Executable to Libraries

In this chapter, we will cover the following recipes:

  • Compiling a single source file into an executable
  • Switching generators
  • Building and linking static and shared libraries
  • Controlling compilation with conditionals
  • Presenting options to the user
  • Specifying the compiler
  • Switching the build type
  • Controlling compiler flags
  • Setting the standard for the language
  • Using control flow constructs

Introduction

The recipes in this chapter will walk you through fairly basic tasks needed to build your code: compiling an executable, compiling a library, performing build actions based on user input, and so forth. CMake is a build system generator particularly suited to being platform- and compiler-independent. We have striven to show this aspect in this chapter. Unless stated otherwise, all recipes are independent of the operating system; they can be run without modifications on GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows.

The recipes in this book are mainly designed for C++ projects and demonstrated using C++ examples, but CMake can be used for projects in other languages, including C and Fortran. For any given recipe and whenever it makes sense, we have tried to include examples in C++, C, and Fortran. In this way, you will be able to choose the recipe in your favorite flavor. Some recipes...

Compiling a single source file into an executable

The code for this recipe is available at https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-01/recipe-01 and has C++, C, and Fortran examples. The recipe is valid with CMake version 3.5 (and higher) and has been tested on GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows.

In this recipe, we will demonstrate how to run CMake to configure and build a simple project. The project consists of a single source file for a single executable. We will discuss the project in C++, but examples for C and Fortran are available in the GitHub repository.

Getting ready

We wish to compile the following source code into a single executable:

#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <string...

Switching generators

The code for this recipe is available at https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-01/recipe-02 and has a C++, C, and Fortran example. The recipe is valid with CMake version 3.5 (and higher) and has been tested on GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows.

CMake is a build system generator and a single CMakeLists.txt can be used to configure projects for different toolstacks on different platforms. You describe in CMakeLists.txt the operations the build system will have to run to get your code configured and compiled. Based on these instructions, CMake will generate the corresponding instructions for the chosen build system (Unix Makefiles, Ninja, Visual Studio, and so on). We will revisit generators in Chapter 13, Alternative Generators and Cross-compilation.

...

Building and linking static and shared libraries

The code for this recipe is available at https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-01/recipe-03 and has a C++ and Fortran example. The recipe is valid with CMake version 3.5 (and higher) and has been tested on GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows.

A project almost always consists of more than a single executable built from a single source file. Projects are split across multiple source files, often spread across different subdirectories in the source tree. This practice not only helps in keeping source code organized within a project, but greatly favors modularity, code reuse, and separation of concerns, since common tasks can be grouped into libraries. This separation also simplifies and speeds up recompilation of a project during development. In this recipe, we will show how to group sources into libraries and how...

Controlling compilation with conditionals

The code for this recipe is available at https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-01/recipe-04 and has a C++ example. The recipe is valid with CMake version 3.5 (and higher) and has been tested on GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows.

So far, we have looked at fairly simple projects, where the execution flow for CMake was linear: from a set of source files to a single executable, possibly via static or shared libraries. To ensure complete control over the execution flow of all the steps involved in building a project, configuration, compilation, and linkage, CMake offers its own language. In this recipe, we will explore the use of the conditional construct if-elseif-else-endif.

The CMake language is fairly large and consists of basic control constructs, CMake-specific commands, and infrastructure for modularly extending the...

Presenting options to the user

The code for this recipe is available at https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-01/recipe-05 and has a C++ example. The recipe is valid with CMake version 3.5 (and higher) and has been tested on GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows.

In the previous recipe, we introduced conditionals in a rather rigid fashion: by introducing variables with a given truth value hardcoded. This can be useful sometimes, but it prevents users of your code from easily toggling these variables. Another disadvantage of the rigid approach is that the CMake code does not communicate to the reader that this is a value that is expected to be modified from outside. The recommended way to toggle behavior in the build system generation for your project is to present logical switches as options in your CMakeLists.txt using the option() command. This recipe will show...

Specifying the compiler

The code for this recipe is available at https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-01/recipe-06 and has a C++/C example. The recipe is valid with CMake version 3.5 (and higher) and has been tested on GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows.

One aspect that we have not given much thought to so far is the selection of compilers. CMake is sophisticated enough to select the most appropriate compiler given the platform and the generator. CMake is also able to set compiler flags to a sane set of defaults. However, often we wish to control the choice of the compiler, and in this recipe we will show how this can be done. In later recipes, we will also consider the choice of build type and show how to control compiler flags.

How to do it

...

Switching the build type

The code for this recipe is available at https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-01/recipe-07 and has a C++/C example. The recipe is valid with CMake version 3.5 (and higher) and has been tested on GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows.

CMake has the notion of build types or configurations, such as Debug, Release, and so forth. Within one configuration, one can collect related options or properties, such as compiler and linker flags, for a Debug or Release build. The variable governing the configuration to be used when generating the build system is CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE. This variable is empty by default, and the values recognized by CMake are:

  1. Debug for building your library or executable without optimization and with debug symbols,
  2. Release for building your library or executable with optimization and without debug symbols,
  3. RelWithDebInfo for...

Controlling compiler flags

The code for this recipe is available at https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-01/recipe-08 and has a C++ example. The recipe is valid with CMake version 3.5 (and higher) and has been tested on GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows.

The previous recipes showed how to probe CMake for information on the compilers and how to tune compiler optimizations for all targets in your project. The latter task is a subset of the general need to control which compiler flags are used in your project. CMake offers a lot of flexibility for adjusting or extending compiler flags and you can choose between two main approaches:

  • CMake treats compile options as properties of targets. Thus, one can set compile options on a per target basis, without overriding CMake defaults.
  • You can directly modify the CMAKE_<LANG>_FLAGS_<CONFIG> variables by using...

Setting the standard for the language

The code for this recipe is available at https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-01/recipe-09 and has a C++ and Fortran example. The recipe is valid with CMake version 3.5 (and higher) and has been tested on GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows.

Programming languages have different standards available, that is, different versions that offer new and improved language constructs. Enabling new standards is accomplished by setting the appropriate compiler flag. We have shown in the previous recipe how this can be done, either on a per-target basis or globally. With its 3.1 version, CMake introduced a platform- and compiler-independent mechanism for setting the language standard for C++ and C: setting the <LANG>_STANDARD property for targets.

...

Using control flow constructs

The code for this recipe is available at https://github.com/dev-cafe/cmake-cookbook/tree/v1.0/chapter-01/recipe-10 and has a C++ example. The recipe is valid with CMake version 3.5 (and higher) and has been tested on GNU/Linux, macOS, and Windows.

We have used if-elseif-endif constructs in previous recipes of this chapter. CMake also offers language facilities for creating loops: foreach-endforeach and while-endwhile. Both can be combined with break for breaking from the enclosing loop early. This recipe will show you how to use foreach to loop over a list of source files. We will apply such a loop to lower the compiler optimization for a set of source files without introducing a new target.

Getting ready

...
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Key benefits

  • Learn to configure, build, test, and package software written in C, C++, and Fortran
  • Progress from simple to advanced tasks with examples tested on Linux, macOS, and Windows
  • Manage code complexity and library dependencies with reusable CMake building blocks

Description

CMake is cross-platform, open-source software for managing the build process in a portable fashion. This book features a collection of recipes and building blocks with tips and techniques for working with CMake, CTest, CPack, and CDash. CMake Cookbook includes real-world examples in the form of recipes that cover different ways to structure, configure, build, and test small- to large-scale code projects. You will learn to use CMake's command-line tools and master modern CMake practices for configuring, building, and testing binaries and libraries. With this book, you will be able to work with external libraries and structure your own projects in a modular and reusable way. You will be well-equipped to generate native build scripts for Linux, MacOS, and Windows, simplify and refactor projects using CMake, and port projects to CMake.

Who is this book for?

If you are a software developer keen to manage build systems using CMake or would like to understand and modify CMake code written by others, this book is for you. A basic knowledge of C++, C, or Fortran is required to understand the topics covered in this book.

What you will learn

  • Configure, build, test, and install code projects using CMake
  • Detect operating systems, processors, libraries, files, and programs for conditional compilation
  • Increase the portability of your code
  • Refactor a large codebase into modules with the help of CMake
  • Build multi-language projects
  • Know where and how to tweak CMake configuration files written by somebody else
  • Package projects for distribution
  • Port projects to CMake
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Publication date : Sep 26, 2018
Length: 606 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788470711
Category :
Programming
Languages :
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Concepts :
Application Development
Tools :
Cmake

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Product Details

Publication date : Sep 26, 2018
Length: 606 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788470711
Category :
Programming
Languages :
C++
Concepts :
Application Development
Tools :
Cmake

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Table of Contents

17 Chapters
Setting up Your System Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Setting up Your System
Obtaining the code
Docker image
Installing prerequisite software
Testing the recipes
Reporting problems and suggesting improvements
From a Simple Executable to Libraries Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
From a Simple Executable to Libraries
Introduction
Compiling a single source file into an executable
Switching generators
Building and linking static and shared libraries
Controlling compilation with conditionals
Presenting options to the user
Specifying the compiler
Switching the build type
Controlling compiler flags
Setting the standard for the language
Using control flow constructs
Detecting the Environment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Detecting the Environment
Introduction
Discovering the operating system
Dealing with platform-dependent source code
Dealing with compiler-dependent source code
Discovering the host processor architecture
Discovering the host processor instruction set
Enabling vectorization for the Eigen library
Detecting External Libraries and Programs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Detecting External Libraries and Programs
Introduction
Detecting the Python interpreter
Detecting the Python library
Detecting Python modules and packages
Detecting the BLAS and LAPACK math libraries
Detecting the OpenMP parallel environment
Detecting the MPI parallel environment
Detecting the Eigen library
Detecting the Boost libraries
Detecting external libraries: I. Using pkg-config
Detecting external libraries: II. Writing a find-module
Creating and Running Tests Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating and Running Tests
Introduction
Creating a simple unit test
Defining a unit test using the Catch2 library
Defining a unit test and linking against Google Test
Defining a unit test and linking against Boost test
Using dynamic analysis to detect memory defects
Testing expected failures
Using timeouts for long tests
Running tests in parallel
Running a subset of tests
Using test fixtures
Configure-time and Build-time Operations Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Configure-time and Build-time Operations
Introduction
Using platform-independent file operations
Running a custom command at configure time
Running a custom command at build time: I. Using add_custom_command
Running a custom command at build time: II. Using add_custom_target
Running custom commands for specific targets at build time
Probing compilation and linking
Probing compiler flags
Probing execution
Fine-tuning configuration and compilation with generator expressions
Generating Source Code Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Generating Source Code
Introduction
Generating sources at configure time
Generating source code at configure time using Python
Generating source code at build time using Python
Recording the project version information for reproducibility
Recording the project version from a file
Recording the Git hash at configure time
Recording the Git hash at build time
Structuring Projects Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Structuring Projects
Introduction
Code reuse with functions and macros
Splitting CMake sources into modules
Writing a function to test and set compiler flags
Defining a function or macro with named arguments
Redefining functions and macros
Deprecating functions, macros, and variables
Limiting scope with add_subdirectory
Avoiding global variables using target_sources
Organizing Fortran projects
The Superbuild Pattern Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
The Superbuild Pattern
Introduction
Using the superbuild pattern
Managing dependencies with a superbuild: I. The Boost libraries
Managing dependencies with a superbuild: II. The FFTW library
Managing dependencies with a superbuild: III. The Google Test framework
Managing your project as a superbuild
Mixed-language Projects Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Mixed-language Projects
Introduction
Building Fortran projects that use C/C++ libraries
Building C/C++ projects that use Fortran libraries
Building C++ and Python projects using Cython
Building C++ and Python projects using Boost.Python
Building C++ and Python projects using pybind11
Mixing C, C++, Fortran, and Python using Python CFFI
Writing an Installer Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Writing an Installer
Introduction
Installing your project
Generating export headers
Exporting your targets
Installing a superbuild
Packaging Projects Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Packaging Projects
Introduction
Generating source and binary packages
Distributing a C++/Python project built with CMake/pybind11 via PyPI
Distributing a C/Fortran/Python project build with CMake/CFFI via PyPI
Distributing a simple project as Conda package
Distributing a project with dependencies as Conda package
Building Documentation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building Documentation
Introduction
Building documentation using Doxygen
Building documentation using Sphinx
Combining Doxygen and Sphinx
Alternative Generators and Cross-compilation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Alternative Generators and Cross-compilation
Introduction
Building a CMake project using Visual Studio 2017
Cross-compiling a hello world example
Cross-compiling a Windows binary with OpenMP parallelization
Testing Dashboards Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Testing Dashboards
Introduction
Deploying tests to the CDash dashboard
Reporting test coverage to the CDash dashboard
Using the AddressSanitizer and reporting memory defects to CDash
Using the ThreadSanitizer and reporting data races to CDash
Porting a Project to CMake Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Porting a Project to CMake
Where to start
Generating files and writing platform checks
Detecting required dependencies and linking
Reproducing compiler flags
Porting tests
Porting install targets
Further steps
Summary and common pitfalls when converting projects to CMake
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Esteban May 16, 2022
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Llevo varios años usando CMake y quería darle un repaso al 'CMake moderno' para limpiar partes obsoletas de mis proyectos así que me decidí por este libro.Es un buen libro tanto para iniciarse (3 primeros capítulos) como para profundizar en temas más avanzados de CMake. Los tres primeros capítulos abarca lo más básico para comenzar con CMake. Se ve como crear un ejecutable, una librería estática o dinámica, estructuras condicionales, presentación de opciones al usuario, trabajo con librerías de terceros, ...El 4° capítulo va sobre como trabajar con pruebas unitarias. Me parece muy acertado que hayan incluido ejemplos para google test y boost test. También tiene otro ejemplo con Valgrind para detectar problemas de memoría. Aquí hecho de menos que no se haya incluido también Visual Leak Detector.Lo que no me convence es que hayan dejado para el capítulo 7 la estructuración de un proyecto CMake. Personalmente creo que es de las primeras cosas que se debería explicar.Incluye también la instalación, el empaquetado con CPack, documentación con Doxigen y Sphin, CDash.Otro acierto del libro es utilizar en los ejemplos librerías como OpenMP, Eigen, Blas, Lapack o Boost.Todos los ejemplos están en GitHub lo cual es de agradecer.
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User0910 Jun 13, 2021
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Le livre n'est pas vraiment un "livre de recettes" au sens classique, qui présupposerait une certaine connaissance de CMake. C'est bien un livre d'introduction à CMake, mais avec le parti pris d'apprendre à s'en servir en partant d'exemples complets et progressivement plus complexes, plutôt que par une introduction formelle au langage. Ce n'est pas forcément une mauvaise chose, je suppose que c'est une question de goût.Au niveau des bonnes choses, je trouve que le livre contient pas mal de recettes que l'on ne trouvera pas ailleurs, du fait de l'ouverture de l'auteur, très tôt dans le livre, à des projets multi-langages (notamment contenant du python). Sur le papier, le livre va assez loin.Mais, au delà de l'aspect un peu rigide de la présentation imposée par Packt (Getting Ready/How to do it/How it works) qui hache et dilue le propos à mes yeux, le livres souffre de plusieurs défault. Le principal est qu'il est malheureusement déjà dépassé en 2021. CMake a évolué rapidement ces dernières années, trop pour pouvoir recommander à l'achat un livre qui semble se concentrer sur CMake 3.5 alors que CMake 3.20 vient de sortir.Un autre défaut est que l'auteur ne semble malheureusement pas toujours de bon conseil. Non, on ne peut pas laisser traîner un CMAKE_WINDOWS_EXPORT_ALL_SYMBOLS dans un example de son livre sans expliquer tout de suite après que c'est une mauvaise pratique à bannir dans la vraie vie. Si, il est légitime de vouloir utiliser les variables globales CMAKE_<LANG>_FLAGS pour contrôler les flags de compilation de tous les projets, c'est même parfois recommandable. Plus gênant, la recette pour écrire un find module repose sur les vieux mécanismes de CMake 2 en retournant des variables plutôt qu'une target.Enfin, contrairement à ce que l'auteur laisse entendre tout au long du livre, les examples du livres sont très fortement orientés Linux, et certains ne fonctionneront tout simplement pas sous Windows avec Visual Studio. L'utilisation omniprésente de pkg-config, par exemple, est décevante.
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Scotty Doodelly Oct 05, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
I could write a review like this. I could tell you the motivation for why we are discussing this book in this review, and then I could give you the information relevant to the review.ORINTRODUCTIONSome words about the history of reviews in general.Getting ReadyPretty soon we're going to get to it.How To Do ItLet me distract you some moreHow It WorksIf you really want to see the review, download the example here.-- Circle I Note that in 1693, the committee for reviews has not fully adopted the standard 3.x in favor of 3.x.y.z.-- Flashbulb Symbol If you are Hungarian, you probably can't understand thisThere Is More Maybe in later chapters we will actually help you get somewhere, for now we are going to slog through 10 pages to tell you what we could have done in a single small paragraph.Bottom Line: Try using this book as reference material after you've gone through it and wish to pick it up a year later to remind you of something. Not going to happen.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
David C Sep 07, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
The author is modest in calling this book a Cookbook. It is really so much more than that. It is a well-structured tutorial and how-to as well. The recipes build on prior recipes. Everything is explained in detail, including concepts and background about CMake. The author provides a ready-made Docker image with all the needed tools pre-installed, and a Git repository with all the book's example code. You can actually edit, build, and run the examples in the Docker image as you are reading the book. This is very helpful. I was up and running the recipes in about 10 minutes (only because I needed to install Docker on my system - otherwise it would have been 2 minutes!).I am a professional embedded C++ developer who inherited a complex CMake build environment at work, which I need to enhance and modify. I had never been exposed to CMake before. This book is proving to be an extremely valuable resource for me, helping me to understand what I am dealing with and how to modify it.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
bigdude409 Nov 08, 2019
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
Don't buy. Book is not formatted correctly in cloud reader. Displays as one long document 1 column wide.
Amazon Verified review Amazon

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About the authors

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Profile icon Bast
Bast
Radovan is working at the High Performance Computing Group at UiT - The Arctic University of Norway in Troms and leads the CodeRefinery project. He has a PhD in theoretical chemistry and as code developer is contributing to a number of quantum chemistry programs. He enjoys learning new programming languages and techniques, and to teach programming to students and researchers. He got in touch with CMake in 2008 and has ported a number of research codes and migrated a number of communities to CMake since.
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Profile icon Di Remigio
Di Remigio
Roberto is a postdoctoral fellow in theoretical chemistry at the UiT - The Arctic University of Norway in Troms, Norway and Virginia Tech, USA. He is currently working on stochastic methods and solvation models. He is a developer of the PCMSolver library and the Psi4 open source quantum chemistry program. He contributes or has contributed to the development of popular quantum chemistry codes and libraries: DIRAC, MRCPP, DALTON, LSDALTON, XCFun, and ReSpect. He usually programs in C++ and Fortran.
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