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C++ Data Structures and Algorithms
C++ Data Structures and Algorithms

C++ Data Structures and Algorithms: Learn how to write efficient code to build scalable and robust applications in C++

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C++ Data Structures and Algorithms

Storing Data in Lists and Linked Lists

In the previous chapter, we discussed basic C++ programming, so that now we can build a program and run it. We also tried to find out the complexity of the code flow using algorithm analysis. In this chapter, we are going to learn about building the list and linked list data structures and find out the complexity of each data structure. To understand all of the concepts in these data structures, these are the topics we are going to discuss:

  • Understanding the array data type and how to use it
  • Building the list data structure using the array data type
  • Understanding the concept of node and node chaining
  • Building SinglyLinkedList and DoublyLinkedList using node chaining
  • Applying the Standard Template Library to implement the list and linked list

Technical requirements

To follow along with this chapter including the source code, we require the following:

Getting closer to an array

An array is a series of elements with the same data type that is placed in contiguous memory locations. This means that the memory allocation is assigned in consecutive memory blocks. Since it implements contiguous memory locations, the elements of the array can be individually accessed by the index. Let's take a look at the following array illustration:

As we can see in the preceding illustration, we have an array containing five elements. Since the array uses zero-based indexing, the index starts from 0. This index is used to access the element value and to also replace the element value. The memory address stated in the illustration is for example purposes only. In reality, the memory address might be different. However, it illustrates that the memory allocation is contiguous. 

Now, if we want to create the preceding array in C++,...

Building a List ADT

A list is a sequence of items with similar data types, where the order of the item's position matters. There are several common operations that are available in a List ADT, and they are:

  • Get(i), which will return the value of selected index, i. If the i index is out of bounds, it will simply return -1.
  • Insert(i, v), which will insert the v value at the position of index i.
  • Search(v), which will return the index of the first occurrence of v (if the v value doesn't exist, the return value is -1).
  • Remove(i), which will remove the item in the i index. 
For simplicity, we are going to build a List ADT that accepts int data only, from zero (0) and higher. 

Now, by using the array data type we discussed earlier, let's build a new...

Introduction to node

The node is the basic building block of many data structures which we will discuss in this book. Node has two functions. Its first function is that it holds a piece of data, also known as the Value of node. The second function is its connectivity between another node and itself, using an object reference pointer, also known as the Next pointer. Based on this explanation, we can create a Node data type in C++, as follows:

class Node
{
public:
int Value;
Node * Next;
};

We will also use the following diagram to represent a single node:

Now, let's create three single nodes using our new Node data type. The nodes will contain the values 7, 14, and 21 for each node. The code should be as follows:

Node * node1 = new Node;
node1->Value = 7;

Node * node2 = new Node;
node2->Value = 14;

Node * node3 = new Node;
node3->Value = 21;

Note...

Building a Singly Linked List ADT

The Singly Linked List (also known as the linked list) is a sequence of items linked with each other. It's actually a chaining of nodes, where each node contains the item's value and the next pointer. In other words, each item in the linked list has a link to its next item in the sequence. The thing that differs between the linked list and the node chain is that the linked list has a Head and a Tail pointer. The Head informs the first item and the Tail informs the last item in the linked list. Similar to the List ADT, we discussed earlier, the linked list has Get(), Insert(), Search(), and Remove() operations, where all of the operations have the same functionality compared to List. However, since we now have Head and Tail pointers, we will also create others operations, and these are InsertHead(), InsertTail...

Building the Doubly Linked List ADT

The Doubly Linked List is almost the same as the Singly Linked List, except the Node used by Doubly Linked List has a Previous pointer instead of only having the Next pointer. The existence of the Previous pointer will make the Doubly Linked List possible to move backwards from Tail to Head. As a result, we can reduce the complexity of the RemoveTail() operation to O(1) instead of O(N), like we have in the Singly Linked List data type. We are going to discuss this further later in this section. As of now, let's prepare the new Node data type.

Refactoring the Node<T> data type

Before we build a Doubly Linked List, we need to add a Previous pointer...

Applying List and LinkedList using STL

C++ has three data types which we can use to store specific items such as List, SinglyLinkedList, and DoublyLinkedList. std::vector can be used as List , std::forward_list can be used as SinglyLinkedList, and std::list can be used as DoublyLinkedList. They both have fetching, inserting, searching, and removing operations. However, the method names they have are different with our developed data type, and we are going to discuss this in this section. In this section, we are going to discuss std::vector and std::list only, since std::forward_list is similar to std:: list.

std::vector

A vector, which is like an array, is a container to store a bunch of items contiguously...

Technical requirements


To follow along with this chapter including the source code, we require the following:

Getting closer to an array


An array is a series of elements with the same data type that is placed in contiguous memory locations. This means that the memory allocation is assigned in consecutive memory blocks. Since it implements contiguous memory locations, the elements of the array can be individually accessed by the index. Let's take a look at the following array illustration:

As we can see in the preceding illustration, we have an array containing five elements. Since the array uses zero-based indexing, the index starts from 0. This index is used to access the element value and to also replace the element value. The memory address stated in the illustration is for example purposes only. In reality, the memory address might be different. However, it illustrates that the memory allocation is contiguous. 

Now, if we want to create the preceding array in C++, here is the code:

// Project: Array.cbp
// File   : Array.cpp

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    //...

Building a List ADT


list is a sequence of items with similar data types, where the order of the item's position matters.There are several common operations that are available in a List ADT, and they are:

  • Get(i), which will return the value of selected index, i. If the i index is out of bounds, it will simply return -1.
  • Insert(i, v), which will insert the v value at the position of index i.
  • Search(v), which will return the index of the first occurrence of v (if the v value doesn't exist, the return value is -1).
  • Remove(i), which will remove the item in the i index. 

Note

For simplicity, we are going to build a List ADT that accepts int data only, from zero (0) and higher. 

Now, by using the array data type we discussed earlier, let's build a new ADT named List which contains the preceding operations. We need two variables to hold the list of items (m_items) and the number of items in the list (m_count). We will make them private so that it cannot be accessed from the outside class. All four operations...

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Key benefits

  • • Use data structures such as arrays, stacks, trees, lists, and graphs with real-world examples
  • • Learn the functional and reactive implementations of the traditional data structures
  • • Explore illustrations to present data structures and algorithms, as well as their analysis, in a clear, visual manner

Description

C++ is a general-purpose programming language which has evolved over the years and is used to develop software for many different sectors. This book will be your companion as it takes you through implementing classic data structures and algorithms to help you get up and running as a confident C++ programmer. We begin with an introduction to C++ data structures and algorithms while also covering essential language constructs. Next, we will see how to store data using linked lists, arrays, stacks, and queues. Then, we will learn how to implement different sorting algorithms, such as quick sort and heap sort. Along with these, we will dive into searching algorithms such as linear search, binary search and more. Our next mission will be to attain high performance by implementing algorithms to string datatypes and implementing hash structures in algorithm design. We'll also analyze Brute Force algorithms, Greedy algorithms, and more. By the end of the book, you'll know how to build components that are easy to understand, debug, and use in different applications.

Who is this book for?

This book is for developers who would like to learn the Data Structures and Algorithms in C++. Basic C++ programming knowledge is expected.

What you will learn

  • • Know how to use arrays and lists to get better results in complex scenarios
  • • Build enhanced applications by using hashtables, dictionaries, and sets
  • • Implement searching algorithms such as linear search, binary search, jump search, exponential search, and more
  • • Have a positive impact on the efficiency of applications with tree traversal
  • • Explore the design used in sorting algorithms like Heap sort, Quick sort, Merge sort and Radix sort
  • • Implement various common algorithms in string data types
  • • Find out how to design an algorithm for a specific task using the common algorithm paradigms
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Table of Contents

10 Chapters
Learning Data Structures and Algorithms in C++ Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Storing Data in Lists and Linked Lists Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Constructing Stacks and Queues Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Arranging Data Elements Using a Sorting Algorithm Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Finding out an Element Using Searching Algorithms Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Dealing with the String Data Type Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building a Hierarchical Tree Structure Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Associating a Value to a Key in a Hash Table Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Implementation of Algorithms in Real Life Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
(5 Ratings)
5 star 20%
4 star 20%
3 star 20%
2 star 20%
1 star 20%
Giovanny Ortegon Feb 05, 2024
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Feefo Verified review Feefo
Bill P Dec 10, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
This book looks good. Not a very thick book, but the author provides some interesting material. Note, my review is based on my initial glance through the book. I have not tried any of the algorithms and cannot vouch just yet for their correctness. Things look about right.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Mutombo Matanda Hervé Feb 16, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
I would have liked more explanations and perhaps narrations than there currently are in the book. It was more of a : A constant is something that stays the same, here's example one... Now let's move on to the next chapter.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Anthony Das Nov 12, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
Although I’ve learnt about various data structures over the years as a professional programmer, I’ve never had a formal education into them and wanted a text to solidify and expand my knowledge. Early on, however, you pick up that the author’s first language isn’t English. His sentences can be ambiguous and some only made sense because I already had some area knowledge with which I could piece together what was meant. This is very different to other programming texts I’ve read that have quite a precise way with words.The same lack of quality also pervaded the code. Although the code does adequately demonstrate the underlying mechanics fairly well, it’s very rough and “non-production”. Eg.:- C++98 use of naked pointers via new. Ok, so we don’t want to use smart pointers, but there’s not a single use of delete. Hence, there are memory leaks throughout.- “Animal dog = Animal();” Strange style.- void LinkedList<T>::RemoveHead(){…} forgets to update the Tail pointer if there was only one element (i.e. Head and Tail are the same element). Same thing in void DoublyLinkedList<T>::RemoveHead(){…}.- Builds an AVL tree class inheriting from base BST but doesn’t make overridden functions virtual within base.There are also times when the author doesn’t quite seem to understand what’s going on:- “To search for the desired element, we can use find() method provided by the vector.” But code then uses <algorithm> find(), there is no vector::find().- Conversely, “We can use the erase() method provided by the vector. To use this method, we also need to include the algorithm header.” He then correctly employs vector::erase() without needing <algorithm>.Chapter 9 is incomplete both in terms of content (“We will now show”… but then the section abruptly ends) and in terms of presentation (e.g. the font will randomly change in places). There’s a brief introduction for a linear congruential generator but with a = 1 and m = 10. Why couldn’t some proper values be used instead?I could go on but I’ve made my point. I did learn how to balance a binary search tree and a new sorting algorithm (radix), so the text did expand my knowledge. I also commend the author for at least trying to produce a text and help the community. But overall, I wouldn’t recommend as there are surely better texts out there. Even putting aside the monetary cost of the text, you will waste time trying to understand the author's use of English.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Amazon Customer Oct 01, 2022
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
This book unconventional syntax such as its for loops that get in the way of understanding concepts like linked lists. I did not find the material helpful for me to understand how to use linked lists.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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