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Home > Programming > Reactive Programming > Reactive Programming for .NET Developers
Reactive Programming for .NET Developers
Reactive Programming for .NET Developers

Reactive Programming for .NET Developers: Get up and running with reactive programming paradigms to build fast, concurrent, and powerful applications

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Reactive Programming for .NET Developers

Chapter 2. Reactive Programming with C#

In the previous chapter, we gave an overall introduction to reactive programming and related languages and frameworks.

In this chapter, we will see a practical example of reactive programming with pure C# coding.

The following topics will be discussed here:

  • IObserver interface
  • IObservable interface
  • Subscription life cycle
  • Sourcing events
  • Filtering events
  • Correlating events
  • Sourcing from CLR streams
  • Sourcing from CLR enumerables

IObserver interface

This core level interface is available within the Base Class Library (BCL) of .NET 4.0 and is available for the older 3.5 as an add-on.

The use is pretty simple and the goal is to provide a standard way of handling the most basic features of any reactive message consumer.

As already seen in the previous chapter, reactive messages flow by a producer and a consumer and subscribe for some messages. The IObserver C# interface is available to construct message receivers that comply with the reactive programming layout by implementing the three main message-oriented events: a message received, an error received, and a task completed message.

The IObserver interface has the following sign and description:

    // Summary: 
    //     Provides a mechanism for receiving push-based notifications. 
    // 
    // Type parameters: 
    //   T: 
    //     The object that provides notification information.This type parameter is 
    //     contravariant. That is, you can use either the...

IObservable interface

The IObservable interface, the opposite of the IObserver interface, has the task of handling message production and the observer subscription. It routes right messages to the OnNext message handler and errors to the OnError message handler. As its life cycle ends, it acknowledges all the observers on the OnComplete message handler.

To create a valid reactive observable interface, we must write something that is not locking against user input or any other external system input data. The observable object acts as an infinite message generator, something like an infinite enumerable of messages; although in such cases, there is no enumeration.

Once a new message is available somehow, observer routes it to all the subscribers.

In the following example, we will try creating a console application to ask the user for an integer number and then route such a number to all the subscribers. Otherwise, if the given input is not a number, an error will be routed to all the subscribers...

Subscription life cycle

What will happen if we want to stop a single observer from receiving messages from the observable event source? If we change the program Main from the preceding example to the following one, we could experience a wrong observer life cycle design. Here's the code:

//this is the message observable responsible of producing messages 
using (var observer = new ConsoleIntegerProducer()) 
//those are the message observer that consume messages 
using (var consumer1 = observer.Subscribe(new IntegerConsumer(2))) 
using (var consumer2 = observer.Subscribe(new IntegerConsumer(3))) 
{ 
    using (var consumer3 = observer.Subscribe(new IntegerConsumer(5))) 
    { 
        //internal lifecycle 
    } 
 
    observer.Wait(); 
} 
 
Console.WriteLine("END"); 
Console.ReadLine();

Here is the result in the output console:

Subscription life cycle

The third observer unable to catch value messages

By using the using construct method, we should stop the life cycle of the consumer object. However...

Sourcing events

Sourcing events is the ability to obtain from a particular source where few useful events are usable in reactive programming.

Tip

If you are searching for the EventSourcing pattern, take a look at Chapter 7, Advanced Techniques .

As already pointed out in the previous chapter, reactive programming is all about event message handling. Any event is a specific occurrence of some kind of handleable behavior of users or external systems. We can actually program event reactions in the most pleasant and productive way for reaching our software goals.

In the following example, we will see how to react to CLR events. In this specific case, we will handle filesystem events by using events from the System.IO.FileSystemWatcher class that gives us the ability to react to the filesystem's file changes without the need of making useless and resource-consuming polling queries against the file system status.

Here's the observer and observable implementation:

public sealed class NewFileSavedMessagePublisher...

IObserver interface

This core level interface is available within the Base Class Library (BCL) of .NET 4.0 and is available for the older 3.5 as an add-on.

The use is pretty simple and the goal is to provide a standard way of handling the most basic features of any reactive message consumer.

As already seen in the previous chapter, reactive messages flow by a producer and a consumer and subscribe for some messages. The IObserver C# interface is available to construct message receivers that comply with the reactive programming layout by implementing the three main message-oriented events: a message received, an error received, and a task completed message.

The IObserver interface has the following sign and description:

    // Summary: 
    //     Provides a mechanism for receiving push-based notifications. 
    // 
    // Type parameters: 
    //   T: 
    //     The object that provides notification information.This type parameter is 
    //     contravariant. That...

IObservable interface

The IObservable interface, the opposite of the IObserver interface, has the task of handling message production and the observer subscription. It routes right messages to the OnNext message handler and errors to the OnError message handler. As its life cycle ends, it acknowledges all the observers on the OnComplete message handler.

To create a valid reactive observable interface, we must write something that is not locking against user input or any other external system input data. The observable object acts as an infinite message generator, something like an infinite enumerable of messages; although in such cases, there is no enumeration.

Once a new message is available somehow, observer routes it to all the subscribers.

In the following example, we will try creating a console application to ask the user for an integer number and then route such a number to all the subscribers. Otherwise, if the given input is not a number, an error will be routed to all the subscribers...

Subscription life cycle

What will happen if we want to stop a single observer from receiving messages from the observable event source? If we change the program Main from the preceding example to the following one, we could experience a wrong observer life cycle design. Here's the code:

//this is the message observable responsible of producing messages 
using (var observer = new ConsoleIntegerProducer()) 
//those are the message observer that consume messages 
using (var consumer1 = observer.Subscribe(new IntegerConsumer(2))) 
using (var consumer2 = observer.Subscribe(new IntegerConsumer(3))) 
{ 
    using (var consumer3 = observer.Subscribe(new IntegerConsumer(5))) 
    { 
        //internal lifecycle 
    } 
 
    observer.Wait(); 
} 
 
Console.WriteLine("END"); 
Console.ReadLine();

Here is the result in the output console:

The third observer unable to catch value messages

By using the using construct method...

Sourcing events

Sourcing events is the ability to obtain from a particular source where few useful events are usable in reactive programming.

Tip

If you are searching for the EventSourcing pattern, take a look at Chapter 7, Advanced Techniques .

As already pointed out in the previous chapter, reactive programming is all about event message handling. Any event is a specific occurrence of some kind of handleable behavior of users or external systems. We can actually program event reactions in the most pleasant and productive way for reaching our software goals.

In the following example, we will see how to react to CLR events. In this specific case, we will handle filesystem events by using events from the System.IO.FileSystemWatcher class that gives us the ability to react to the filesystem's file changes without the need of making useless and resource-consuming polling queries against the file system status.

Here's the observer and observable implementation:

public sealed class NewFileSavedMessagePublisher...

Filtering events

As said in the previous section, it is time to alter message flow.

The observable interface has the task of producing messages, while conversely observer consumes such messages. To create a message filter, we need to create an object that is both a publisher and a subscriber together.

The implementation must take into consideration the filtering need and the message routing to underlying observers that subscribe to the filter observable object instead of the main one.

Here's an implementation of the filter:

/// <summary> 
/// The filtering observable/observer 
/// </summary> 
public sealed class StringMessageFilter : IObservable<string>, IObserver<string>, IDisposable 
{ 
    private readonly string filter; 
    public StringMessageFilter(string filter) 
    { 
        this.filter = filter; 
    } 
 
    //the observer collection 
    private readonly List<IObserver<string>> observerList...
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Key benefits

  • Get to grips with the core design principles of reactive programming
  • Learn about Reactive Extensions for .NET through real-world examples
  • Improve your problem-solving ability by applying functional programming

Description

Reactive programming is an innovative programming paradigm focused on time-based problem solving. It makes your programs better-performing, easier to scale, and more reliable. Want to create fast-running applications to handle complex logics and huge datasets for financial and big-data challenges? Then you have picked up the right book! Starting with the principles of reactive programming and unveiling the power of the pull-programming world, this book is your one-stop solution to get a deep practical understanding of reactive programming techniques. You will gradually learn all about reactive extensions, programming, testing, and debugging observable sequence, and integrating events from CLR data-at-rest or events. Finally, you will dive into advanced techniques such as manipulating time in data-flow, customizing operators and providers, and exploring functional reactive programming. By the end of the book, you'll know how to apply reactive programming to solve complex problems and build efficient programs with reactive user interfaces.

Who is this book for?

If you are a .NET developer who wants to implement all the reactive programming paradigm techniques to create better and more efficient code, then this is the book for you. No prior knowledge of reactive programming is expected.

What you will learn

  • Create, manipulate, and aggregate sequences in a functional-way
  • Query observable data streams using standard LINQ query operators
  • Program reactive observers and observable collections with C#
  • Write concurrent programs with ease, scheduling actions on various workers
  • Debug, analyze, and instrument Rx functions
  • Integrate Rx with CLR events and custom scheduling
  • Learn Functional Reactive Programming with F#
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Product Details

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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Jul 29, 2016
Length: 276 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785882883
Vendor :
Microsoft
Category :
Programming
Languages :
C#
Concepts :
Reactive Programming
Tools :
Rx.NET

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Product Details

Publication date : Jul 29, 2016
Length: 276 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785882883
Vendor :
Microsoft
Category :
Programming
Languages :
C#
Concepts :
Reactive Programming
Tools :
Rx.NET

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Table of Contents

9 Chapters
1. First Steps Toward Reactive Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
1. First Steps Toward Reactive Programming
Programming paradigms
Dataflow programming
Functional programming
Reactive programming
Further reading
Summary
2. Reactive Programming with C# Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Reactive Programming with C#
IObserver interface
IObservable interface
Subscription life cycle
Sourcing events
Filtering events
Correlating events
Sourcing from CLR streams
Sourcing from CLR enumerables
Summary
3. Reactive Extension Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Reactive Extension Programming
Setting up Rx.NET
Marble diagrams
Subjects
Combining operators
Filtering operators
Mathematical operators
Logic operators
References
Summary
4. Observable Sequence Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Observable Sequence Programming
Sequence creation basics
Time-based sequence creation
Sequence manipulation and filtering
Sequence partitioning
Advanced operators
Summary
5. Debugging Reactive Extensions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Debugging Reactive Extensions
Tracing sequences
Inspecting sequences
Exception handling
Summary
6. CLR Integration and Scheduling Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. CLR Integration and Scheduling
Sourcing from CLR events
Threading integration
Scheduling
Summary
7. Advanced Techniques Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Advanced Techniques
Designing a custom operator
Designing a custom scheduler
Creating Pattern<T>
Implementing event sourcing with Rx
Creating Interactive Extensions (Ix) operators
Summary
8. F# and Functional Reactive Programming Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. F# and Functional Reactive Programming
F# - first time
F# – how to use it
Discriminated Unions and the Record type
Active Patterns
Asynchronous pattern in F#
Functional Reactive Programming
Summary
9. Advanced FRP and Best Practices Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Advanced FRP and Best Practices
Discrete and continuous components
Time flow and dynamic change
Even more on FRP and F#
Summary

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Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
(2 Ratings)
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eros costas verde Oct 24, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
alot resources about Rx, this book make me open my mind to a new style of programming
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Craig E. Shea Aug 12, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
The biggest issue I have with the book is the editor did a really bad job. The authors (I know at least one of them for sure) is not a native English-speaking author. I have no issue with that--the authors' primary speaking language is what it is. However, if the book is going to be published in the English language, the editor ought to make sure that the sentences are grammatically and idiomatically correct for an English language reading audience.That is the primary job of the editor.Thank you Antonio for writing the book. Too bad the editor(s) did a very poor job of translating your thoughts to the English language in way that would make this much easier to comprehend.As far as content, the first half of the book focuses on core concepts. However, the details are nothing you probably couldn't pick up by reading the documentation. I haven't gotten to the second-half yet (it's a quick read--I just started reading this today); so when I finish the book, I'll come back and update this review to include more info on the second hald.
Amazon Verified review Amazon

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About the authors

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Profile icon Esposito
Esposito
Antonio Esposito is a Microsoft Certified Trainer, software architect, father, son, and lover of cooking and eating. He has been addicted to computer programming from age 8, a developer since 2002, and a speaker from 2010. He has moved across Europe in the last fifteen years working as freelance consultant or speaker for companies such as UniCredit Bank, Ferrari F1 Racing Team, Microsoft Italy, IBM, and many others. He actively attends as a speaker at a lot of conferences, such as MCT Summit and WPC Italy. He is already an author for Packt with Learning .NET High Performance Programming in 2014.
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Profile icon Ciceri
Ciceri
Michael Ciceri is a technology consultant in .NET Framework and Microsoft. He is a functional programming, mathematics, technology, psychology, and science enthusiast. He started as an autodidact and passionately became an analyst and software developer in several areas, such as image processing, banking ATM services security, intranet back end, app monetizing. Recently, he has been working on the analysis and development of functions in the core application to solve problems or improve capabilities.
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List of EU27 countries: www.gov.uk/eu-eea:

A custom duty or localized taxes may be applicable on the shipment and would be charged by the recipient country outside of the EU27 which should be paid by the customer and these duties are not included in the shipping charges been charged on the order.

How do I know my custom duty charges? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

The amount of duty payable varies greatly depending on the imported goods, the country of origin and several other factors like the total invoice amount or dimensions like weight, and other such criteria applicable in your country.

For example:

  • If you live in Mexico, and the declared value of your ordered items is over $ 50, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 19% which will be $ 9.50 to the courier service.
  • Whereas if you live in Turkey, and the declared value of your ordered items is over € 22, for you to receive a package, you will have to pay additional import tax of 18% which will be € 3.96 to the courier service.
How can I cancel my order? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Cancellation Policy for Published Printed Books:

You can cancel any order within 1 hour of placing the order. Simply contact customercare@packt.com with your order details or payment transaction id. If your order has already started the shipment process, we will do our best to stop it. However, if it is already on the way to you then when you receive it, you can contact us at customercare@packt.com using the returns and refund process.

Please understand that Packt Publishing cannot provide refunds or cancel any order except for the cases described in our Return Policy (i.e. Packt Publishing agrees to replace your printed book because it arrives damaged or material defect in book), Packt Publishing will not accept returns.

What is your returns and refunds policy? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Return Policy:

We want you to be happy with your purchase from Packtpub.com. We will not hassle you with returning print books to us. If the print book you receive from us is incorrect, damaged, doesn't work or is unacceptably late, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com with the order number and issue details as explained below:

  1. If you ordered (eBook, Video or Print Book) incorrectly or accidentally, please contact Customer Relations Team on customercare@packt.com within one hour of placing the order and we will replace/refund you the item cost.
  2. Sadly, if your eBook or Video file is faulty or a fault occurs during the eBook or Video being made available to you, i.e. during download then you should contact Customer Relations Team within 14 days of purchase on customercare@packt.com who will be able to resolve this issue for you.
  3. You will have a choice of replacement or refund of the problem items.(damaged, defective or incorrect)
  4. Once Customer Care Team confirms that you will be refunded, you should receive the refund within 10 to 12 working days.
  5. If you are only requesting a refund of one book from a multiple order, then we will refund you the appropriate single item.
  6. Where the items were shipped under a free shipping offer, there will be no shipping costs to refund.

On the off chance your printed book arrives damaged, with book material defect, contact our Customer Relation Team on customercare@packt.com within 14 days of receipt of the book with appropriate evidence of damage and we will work with you to secure a replacement copy, if necessary. Please note that each printed book you order from us is individually made by Packt's professional book-printing partner which is on a print-on-demand basis.

What tax is charged? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Currently, no tax is charged on the purchase of any print book (subject to change based on the laws and regulations). A localized VAT fee is charged only to our European and UK customers on eBooks, Video and subscriptions that they buy. GST is charged to Indian customers for eBooks and video purchases.

What payment methods can I use? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

You can pay with the following card types:

  1. Visa Debit
  2. Visa Credit
  3. MasterCard
  4. PayPal
What is the delivery time and cost of print books? Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Shipping Details

USA:

'

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the US within 10-15 business days

Premium: Trackable Delivery to most addresses in the US within 3-8 business days

UK:

Economy: Delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 7-9 business days.
Shipments are not trackable

Premium: Trackable delivery to most addresses in the U.K. within 3-4 business days!
Add one extra business day for deliveries to Northern Ireland and Scottish Highlands and islands

EU:

Premium: Trackable delivery to most EU destinations within 4-9 business days.

Australia:

Economy: Can deliver to P. O. Boxes and private residences.
Trackable service with delivery to addresses in Australia only.
Delivery time ranges from 7-9 business days for VIC and 8-10 business days for Interstate metro
Delivery time is up to 15 business days for remote areas of WA, NT & QLD.

Premium: Delivery to addresses in Australia only
Trackable delivery to most P. O. Boxes and private residences in Australia within 4-5 days based on the distance to a destination following dispatch.

India:

Premium: Delivery to most Indian addresses within 5-6 business days

Rest of the World:

Premium: Countries in the American continent: Trackable delivery to most countries within 4-7 business days

Asia:

Premium: Delivery to most Asian addresses within 5-9 business days

Disclaimer:
All orders received before 5 PM U.K time would start printing from the next business day. So the estimated delivery times start from the next day as well. Orders received after 5 PM U.K time (in our internal systems) on a business day or anytime on the weekend will begin printing the second to next business day. For example, an order placed at 11 AM today will begin printing tomorrow, whereas an order placed at 9 PM tonight will begin printing the day after tomorrow.


Unfortunately, due to several restrictions, we are unable to ship to the following countries:

  1. Afghanistan
  2. American Samoa
  3. Belarus
  4. Brunei Darussalam
  5. Central African Republic
  6. The Democratic Republic of Congo
  7. Eritrea
  8. Guinea-bissau
  9. Iran
  10. Lebanon
  11. Libiya Arab Jamahriya
  12. Somalia
  13. Sudan
  14. Russian Federation
  15. Syrian Arab Republic
  16. Ukraine
  17. Venezuela