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Learning Python Design Patterns - Second Edition
Learning Python Design Patterns - Second Edition

Learning Python Design Patterns - Second Edition: , Second Edition

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Learning Python Design Patterns - Second Edition

Chapter 1. Introduction to Design Patterns

In this chapter, we will go through the basics of object-oriented programming and discuss the object-oriented design principles in detail. This will get us prepared for the advanced topics covered later in the book. This chapter will also give a brief introduction to the concept of design patterns so that you will be able to appreciate the context and application of design patterns in software development. Here we also classify the design patterns under three main aspects—creational, structural, and Behavioral patterns. So, essentially, we will cover the following topics in this chapter:

  • Understanding object-oriented programming
  • Discussing object-oriented design principles
  • Understanding the concept of design patterns and their taxonomy and context
  • Discussing patterns for dynamic languages
  • Classifying patterns—creational pattern, structural pattern, and behavioral pattern

Understanding object-oriented programming

Before you start learning about design patterns, it's always good to cover the basics and go through object-oriented paradigms in Python. The object-oriented world presents the concept of objects that have attributes (data members) and procedures (member functions). These functions are responsible for manipulating the attributes. For instance, take an example of the Car object. The Car object will have attributes such as fuel level, isSedan, speed, and steering wheel and coordinates, and the methods would be accelerate() to increase the speed and takeLeft() to make the car turn left. Python has been an object-oriented language since it was first released. As they say, everything in Python is an object. Each class instance or variable has its own memory address or identity. Objects, which are instances of classes, interact among each other to serve the purpose of an application under development. Understanding the core concepts of object-oriented programming involves understanding the concepts of objects, classes, and methods.

Objects

The following points describe objects:

  • They represent entities in your application under development.
  • Entities interact among themselves to solve real-world problems.
  • For example, Person is an entity and Car is an entity. Person drives Car to move from one location to the other.

Classes

Classes help developers to represent real-world entities:

  • Classes define objects in attributes and behaviors. Attributes are data members and behaviors are manifested by the member functions
  • Classes consist of constructors that provide the initial state for these objects
  • Classes are like templates and hence can be easily reused

For example, class Person will have attributes name and age and member function gotoOffice() that defines his behavior for travelling to office for work.

Methods

The following points talk about what methods do in the object-oriented world:

  • They represent the behavior of the object
  • Methods work on attributes and also implement the desired functionality

A good example of a class and object created in Python v3.5 is given here:

class Person(object):
    def __init__(self, name, age):  #constructor
        self.name = name    #data members/ attributes
        self.age = age
    def get_person(self,):   # member function
         return "<Person (%s, %s)>" % (self.name, self.age)


p = Person("John", 32)    # p is an object of type Person
print("Type of Object:", type(p), "Memory Address:", id(p))

The output of the preceding code should look as follows:

Methods

Major aspects of object-oriented programming

Now that we have understood the basics of object-oriented programming, let's dive into the major aspects of OOP.

Encapsulation

The key features of encapsulation are as follows:

  • An object's behavior is kept hidden from the outside world or objects keep their state information private.
  • Clients can't change the object's internal state by directly acting on them; rather, clients request the object by sending messages. Based on the type of requests, objects may respond by changing their internal state using special member functions such as get and set.
  • In Python, the concept of encapsulation (data and method hiding) is not implicit, as it doesn't have keywords such as public, private, and protected (in languages such as C++ or Java) that are required to support encapsulation. Of course, accessibility can be made private by prefixing __ in the variable or function name.

Polymorphism

The major features of polymorphism are as follows:

  • Polymorphism can be of two types:
    • An object provides different implementations of the method based on input parameters
    • The same interface can be used by objects of different types
  • In Python, polymorphism is a feature built-in for the language. For example, the + operator can act on two integers to add them or can work with strings to concatenate them

In the following example, strings, tuples, or lists can all be accessed with an integer index. This shows how Python demonstrates polymorphism in built-in types:

a = "John"
b = (1,2,3)
c = [3,4,6,8,9]
print(a[1], b[0], c[2])

Inheritance

The following points help us understand the inheritance process better:

  • Inheritance indicates that one class derives (most of its) functionality from the parent class.
  • Inheritance is described as an option to reuse functionality defined in the base class and allow independent extensions of the original software implementation.
  • Inheritance creates hierarchy via the relationships among objects of different classes. Python, unlike Java, supports multiple inheritance (inheriting from multiple base classes).

In the following code example, class A is the base class and class B derives its features from class A. So, the methods of class A can be accessed by the object of class B:

class A:
    def a1(self):
        print("a1")

class B(A):
    def b(self):
        print("b")


b = B()
b.a1()

Abstraction

The key features of abstraction are as follows:

  • It provides you with a simple interface to the clients, where the clients can interact with class objects and call methods defined in the interface
  • It abstracts the complexity of internal classes with an interface so that the client need not be aware of internal implementations

In the following example, internal details of the Adder class are abstracted with the add() method:

class Adder:
    def __init__(self):
        self.sum = 0
    def add(self, value):
        self.sum += value

acc = Adder()
for i in range(99):
    acc.add(i)


print(acc.sum)

Composition

Composition refers to the following points:

  • It is a way to combine objects or classes into more complex data structures or software implementations
  • In composition, an object is used to call member functions in other modules thereby making base functionality available across modules without inheritance

In the following example, the object of class A is composited under class B:

class A(object):
    def a1(self):
        print("a1")

class B(object):
    def b(self):
        print("b")
        A().a1()


objectB = B()
objectB.b()
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Key benefits

  • Understand the structural, creational, and behavioral Python design patterns
  • Get to know the context and application of design patterns to solve real-world problems in software architecture, design, and application development
  • Get practical exposure through sample implementations in Python v3.5 for the design patterns featured

Description

With the increasing focus on optimized software architecture and design it is important that software architects think about optimizations in object creation, code structure, and interaction between objects at the architecture or design level. This makes sure that the cost of software maintenance is low and code can be easily reused or is adaptable to change. The key to this is reusability and low maintenance in design patterns. Building on the success of the previous edition, Learning Python Design Patterns, Second Edition will help you implement real-world scenarios with Python’s latest release, Python v3.5. We start by introducing design patterns from the Python perspective. As you progress through the book, you will learn about Singleton patterns, Factory patterns, and Façade patterns in detail. After this, we’ll look at how to control object access with proxy patterns. It also covers observer patterns, command patterns, and compound patterns. By the end of the book, you will have enhanced your professional abilities in software architecture, design, and development.

Who is this book for?

This book is for Software architects and Python application developers who are passionate about software design. It will be very useful to engineers with beginner level proficiency in Python and who love to work with Python 3.5

What you will learn

  • Enhance your skills to create better software architecture
  • Understand proven solutions to commonly occurring design issues
  • Explore the design principles that form the basis of software design, such as loose coupling, the Hollywood principle and the Open Close principle among others
  • Delve into the object-oriented programming concepts and find out how they are used in software applications
  • Develop an understanding of Creational Design Patterns and the different object creation methods that help you solve issues in software development
  • Use Structural Design Patterns and find out how objects and classes interact to build larger applications
  • Focus on the interaction between objects with the command and observer patterns
  • Improve the productivity and code base of your application using Python design patterns

Product Details

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Publication date : Feb 15, 2016
Length: 164 pages
Edition : 2nd
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781785887376
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Publication date : Feb 15, 2016
Length: 164 pages
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Table of Contents

12 Chapters
1. Introduction to Design Patterns Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. The Singleton Design Pattern Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. The Factory Pattern – Building Factories to Create Objects Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. The Façade Pattern – Being Adaptive with Façade Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. The Proxy Pattern – Controlling Object Access Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. The Observer Pattern – Keeping Objects in the Know Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. The Command Pattern – Encapsulating Invocation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. The Template Method Pattern – Encapsulating Algorithm Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Model-View-Controller – Compound Patterns Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. The State Design Pattern Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
11. AntiPatterns Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Top Reviews
Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2.8
(13 Ratings)
5 star 30.8%
4 star 0%
3 star 23.1%
2 star 15.4%
1 star 30.8%
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maurice ling Mar 22, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Disclaimer: I am a technical reviewer for this book.Through the entire period serving as technical reviewer for this book, I am impressed with the easy-to-follow style of writing. I had to review the book in chapters across a few months and there is no point in time where I need to wonder if I really understood what the author had to say. As such, I can safely say that this book is well-written and each chapter is contained (there is almost no need to flip back and forth the book to understand the material within any chapter on hand) - quite a remarkable feat for a book.Each chapter is focused on a specific design pattern. The why and how of each pattern is explained in a clear fashion. This makes it easy to read for anyone, both beginners and experienced Python programmers. The materials are even suitable for pre-bedtime leisure reading. Personally, I recommend this to the developers in my own company.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Govind Karmakar Nov 11, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
A good blend of theory with code snippets. It gives a good start to the folks want to delve into the concepts of design patterns using python.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Sudhir Chawla May 02, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
With the growing popularity of Python as preferred programming language, the book serves the need to educate readers on the importance of design patterns in python. The author does a very good job by first delving into the basics of OOPs and then gradually introducing the subject of design patterns, all in python 3.5.However reference to python docs could have been included in the book while using some of the more esoteric functions in python. The UML Diagrams mentioned at the beginning of each pattern helps the reader to visualize the hierarchy of objects. The real world examples of all patterns certainly does drive the point home.In short, the book provides concise but well illustrated information about the design pattern and its implementation in python.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Christian Scheunert Oct 21, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Short and conclusive pattern description with very nice examples. The layout is not the best (looks like a copy of a web page), however, the content is definitely worth it.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
B Jul 29, 2017
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
The narrative style the book, at least up to where I've read so far, feels more like a brain dump from a friend to another than a carefully thought out and written book. The author clearly understands the concepts but struggles to explain them.However, my main gripe is with the code examples. They seem to go off at a tangent trying to do something clever (or asinine) instead of focusing on what they're meant to be illustrating.All in all I'm happy with this book, but at the price purchased.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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