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Wireshark Essentials
Wireshark Essentials

Wireshark Essentials: Get up and running with Wireshark to analyze network packets and protocols effectively

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Wireshark Essentials

Chapter 2. Networking for Packet Analysts

Packet analysis is all about analyzing how applications transfer useful data from point A to point B over networks. So, an understanding of how networks function is essential.

In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

  • Why the seven-layer OSI model matters
  • IP networks and subnets
  • Switching and routing packets
  • Ethernet frames and switches
  • IP addresses and routers
  • WAN links
  • Wireless networking

The seven-layer OSI model will be mapped to the most common networking terms, and we'll review frames, switching, IP addressing, routing, and a few other networking topics of interest. The goal is to develop a mental model of networking that lends itself well to packet-level analysis.

The OSI model – why it matters

The Open Systems Interconnections (OSI) reference model is an industry recognized standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to divide networking functions into seven logical layers to support and encourage (relatively) independent development while providing (relatively) seamless interconnectivity between each layer from different hardware/software environments, platforms, and vendors. There's also a somewhat simpler four-layer Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) model that maps to the OSI model, but the OSI version is the most commonly referred to. I'll reference both models when discussing the various layers.

The following diagram compares the OSI and DARPA reference models:

The OSI model – why it matters

Unless you're in the business of writing protocols, there's no need to study any of the seven layers in great depth, but it is helpful to understand them conceptually because these layers are referred to by...

IP networks and subnets

Before moving on, a short review of typical IP subnetting terms and typical applications should help clarify the terms used in this book and will act as a refresher for those already versed in IP addressing.

A /24 designator placed after a network IP address in diagrams or device configurations is a Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) designator that indicates the following:

  • The first 24 out of the 32 bits in the 4-byte IP address represents the network portion of any IP address on this network. This network is designated as 10.1.1.0 (the next /24 network would be 10.1.2.0, then 10.1.3.0, and so on).
  • The last 8 bits of the 32-bit address can be used to give workstations, hosts, and other devices an IP address, with the following exceptions:
    • The first host address on this network is reserved as a network designator to build routing tables: 10.1.1.0 (typically called the loopback address)
    • The last host address on this network is reserved as an IP broadcast address: 10...

Switching and routing packets

So far, we've covered the topics required to discuss how packets of data get routed from computer A to host B across LANs and/or WANs over distances that may range from across a room to across the globe. The important concepts to remember are that Ethernet frames work with switches and IP packets work with routers to accomplish this feat, which we'll cover in the next section.

Ethernet frames and switches

To reiterate what was outlined in the layer 2 (the data-link layer) discussion, Ethernet frames are switched from the entry port to the appropriate destination port based on the destination MAC address. Network switches build tables of which MAC addresses belong to each port, compare a frame's destination MAC address to these tables, and switch the frame to the appropriate egress port if the destination is on the same switch or out a trunk port to another switch or router otherwise.

Note that the first time a switch sees a destination MAC address...

WAN links

Actually, network packets may traverse several routers and WAN links to reach the destination network, and each router traversed is called a hop. In the context of packet analysis, you should be aware that WAN links can introduce packet delivery delays or latency due to the following four major factors:

  • Physical speed-of-light propagation delay: This is the amount of time required for electrical or light signals to travel across copper/fiber cables over long distances.
  • Network routing/geographical distance: The WAN link routes are never in a straight line between points. They have to traverse major telephony switching centers and route along railways, roads, and other opportunistic paths.
  • Serialization delay into and across WAN links: The WAN links are often slower speed links, and it takes a finite amount of time to send packet data across these links one bit at a time.
  • Queuing delays: In network device buffers, including additional delays that may be induced by Quality of Service...

Wireless networking

Wireless networks utilize a range of 802.11 specifications to provide connectivity over 2.4 or 5 GHz frequency bands at a variety of speeds. The significant differences between wireless frames and those found on wired networks are as follows:

  • Wireless networks employ carrier sense (every station is listening), multiple access (shared medium), and collision avoidance (avoiding collisions instead of just recovering from them) techniques, which reduce the throughput
  • In addition to data frames, which get forwarded to the wired network, wireless frame types include the following:
    • Management frames: This is used for authentication and association tasks
    • Control frames: This controls send/receive functions on the shared media to help avoid collisions

Wireshark can be used to capture and analyze packets on Wireless networks. However, in order to analyze the control and management frames, as well as select the radio channels to capture on without having to associate with a specific...

The OSI model – why it matters


The Open Systems Interconnections (OSI) reference model is an industry recognized standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to divide networking functions into seven logical layers to support and encourage (relatively) independent development while providing (relatively) seamless interconnectivity between each layer from different hardware/software environments, platforms, and vendors. There's also a somewhat simpler four-layer Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) model that maps to the OSI model, but the OSI version is the most commonly referred to. I'll reference both models when discussing the various layers.

The following diagram compares the OSI and DARPA reference models:

Unless you're in the business of writing protocols, there's no need to study any of the seven layers in great depth, but it is helpful to understand them conceptually because these layers are referred to by the industry and your IT peers...

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Description

This book is aimed at IT professionals who want to develop or enhance their packet analysis skills. Basic familiarity with common network and application services terms and technologies is assumed; however, expertise in advanced networking topics or protocols is not required. Readers in any IT field can develop the analysis skills specifically needed to complement and support their respective areas of responsibility and interest.
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Publication date, Length, Edition, Language, ISBN-13
Publication date : Oct 28, 2014
Length: 194 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781783554638
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Length: 194 pages
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Language : English
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Table of Contents

9 Chapters
1. Getting Acquainted with Wireshark Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Networking for Packet Analysts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Capturing All the Right Packets Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Configuring Wireshark Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Network Protocols Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Troubleshooting and Performance Analysis Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Packet Analysis for Security Tasks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Command-line and Other Utilities Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon 3.8
(5 Ratings)
5 star 0%
4 star 80%
3 star 20%
2 star 0%
1 star 0%
J. T. Schreiner Dec 17, 2014
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
Wireshark is one of the most powerful tools available to network administrators, but it can definitely seem daunting at first. This book is an excellent tool to use to learn the basics of what Wireshark is, how it works, and some tips and techniques for making it work more efficiently for you. After reading this book, you should be comfortable enough to start using Wireshark and begin to unlock the huge potential of this application.
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Dave Oct 12, 2017
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Good book, lots of info fast
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Ramprasad Vempati Nov 22, 2014
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
I've gone through the e-book. It was easy to understand. And it carried lot of information which will be useful in debugging networking Problems. I recommend this book for others to go through!
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Bernie Ongewe Nov 14, 2014
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon 4
Solid introduction to WireShark for beginners and a good reference for the intermediate level user.I appreciate the fact that Mr Baxter touches one some of WireShark's more advanced customizations and visualizations. I still find many network professionals who've never used these.While he certainly can’t go through every bullet point, in each dialog he does cover enough ground in enough detail to allow the reader to intuit other capabilities. As an example, his description of how to decrypt SSL in the “Preferences” dialog should hint that you can do the same for ISAKMP.I’m only semi-disappointed that he doesn’t include a table of display filters although he does give some good examples.
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T R Feb 05, 2016
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 3
Bought to offer, good starting book for anyone new to Wireshark.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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