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Learning ArcGIS for Desktop
Learning ArcGIS for Desktop

Learning ArcGIS for Desktop: Create, analyze, and map your spatial data with ArcGIS for Desktop

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Profile Icon Daniela C Docan Profile Icon richard schultz
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eBook Mar 2016 344 pages 1st Edition
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eBook Mar 2016 344 pages 1st Edition
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Learning ArcGIS for Desktop

Chapter 2. Using Geographic Principles

This chapter will provide you with an introduction of the geographic principles, such as coordinate system, spheroid, coordinate reference system, geodetic datum, geoid, and map projections. We will learn to distinguish between geographic and projected coordinate systems, and we will use the datum transformations to correctly convert and transform different coordinate reference systems (CRS). We will also apply different map projections to the same dataset to visually analysis the patters of distortion.

By the end of this chapter, you will learn the following topics:

  • Using coordinate systems
  • Geodetic datum and geoid
  • Using coordinate reference systems
  • Using map projections
  • Transforming coordinate reference systems

Using coordinate systems

A coordinate system (CS) defines a set of axes that span the coordinate space (Iliffe, 2003). A CS defines the attribute of axes, such as number of axes (dimensions: 1D, 2D, or 3D), direction, names, units, and even the order of axes. The most common systems used in GIS are as follows (Allan A.L., 2007):

  • Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z)
  • Geodesic coordinates (geodetic latitude and longitude)
  • Spherical coordinates (geocentric latitude and longitude)
  • A hybrid 2D coordinate system and 1D coordinate system on a map projection (for example, E=Easting, N=Northing, and H= orthometric height)
  • A hybrid 2D coordinate system and 1D coordinate system for the ellipsoid and sphere (for example: φ, λ, and h= ellipsoidal height)

    Note

    For theory aspects regarding coordinate systems, datum, and map projections, please refer to: Jonathan Iliffe and Roger Lott; Datums and Map projections for remote sensing, GIS, and surveying 1st Edition; Whittles Publishing, 2003.

Mathematic cartography...

Geodetic datum and geoid

The international standard ISO 19111:2007 called Geographic Information: Spatial Referencing by Coordinates defines datum as: "a set of parameters that defines the position of the origin, the scale, and the orientation of a coordinate system."

Global and regional datums

A datum can be a horizontal datum or a vertical datum, either global or local. Jekeli (2006) showed in his previous work that a traditional datum is defined by eight parameters: three to define its origin (for example, the center of mass of the Earth), three to define its orientation, and two to define the ellipsoid.

As you could see, an ellipsoid is not enough to define a global datum. We need an ellipsoid and a Terrestrial Reference System that has the defined origin and orientation with respect to the Earth, as in the following figure:

Global and regional datums

An example of global datum is the World Geodetic System 1984, known as WGS84.

A regional datum aligns the ellipsoid to a regional surface in such way to have...

Using a coordinate reference system

A coordinate reference system (CRS) is defined by the European Directive 2007/2/EC as "a system for uniquely referencing spatial information in space as a set of coordinates (X, Y, Z) and/or latitude, longitude, and height, based on a geodetic horizontal and vertical datum".

Note

For a short introduction of coordinate reference systems (CRS definition, conversion and transformation), please refer to the following URL:

http://www.crs-geo.eu/nn_124210/crseu/EN/CRS__Overview/crs-overview__node.html?__nnn=true

In this section, we will explore five coordinate reference systems (CRS) that are based on different horizontal datum. The terms coordinate reference systems and geographic coordinate systems are used interchangeably by the Esri's software.

Follow these steps to start exploring the datum and coordinates reference system with the ArcMap application:

1. Start the ArcMap application to open an existing map document. In the ArcMap -Getting Started...

Using map projections

This section does not undertake covering all the fundamental concepts of map projections because this subject is very well-documented in many recent books, and it is beyond the scope of this book. Instead, we will help you explore the most used map projections using the ArcMap application.

Classifying map projections

Map projection refers to the mathematical transformation of the earth's three-dimensional surface (ellipsoid or sphere) into a two-dimensional surface (a flat one) through an intermediate-developable surface, such as cylinder, cone, or plane.

Map projections can be classified according to the distortions caused by converting the earth's surface to the projection, as follows:

  • Conformal projection: This distorts the areas and distances but preserves the local directions and feature's shapes. This is commonly used for topographic and cadastral maps, mainly at a large scale, and navigation or route planning maps.
  • Equal Area projection: This preserves...

Transforming coordinate reference systems

In this section, we will learn how to use correctly the coordinate reference system (CRS) transformation tools in ArcGIS. There are two ways of changing a CRS, as follows:

  • Coordinate transformation (for CRSs with different datum)
  • Coordinate conversion (for CRSs with common datum)

To perform both or one of the coordinate operations mentioned earlier, you should use the ArcToolbox tool called Project. The Project tool performs conversion from one CRS to another, based on the same common datum (for example, geographic coordinate system converts to a projected coordinate system). It also performs transformations between two CRS which have different datum, even if CRS is geographic or projected.

In the next exercise, we will change the map projection of a shapefile from the Lambert Conformal Conic 1972 based on the D_Belge_1972 datum to the Lambert Conformal Conic 2008 based on the D_ETRS_1989 datum, as shown in the following screenshot:

Transforming coordinate reference systems

To change the shapefile...

Using coordinate systems


A coordinate system (CS) defines a set of axes that span the coordinate space (Iliffe, 2003). A CS defines the attribute of axes, such as number of axes (dimensions: 1D, 2D, or 3D), direction, names, units, and even the order of axes. The most common systems used in GIS are as follows (Allan A.L., 2007):

  • Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z)

  • Geodesic coordinates (geodetic latitude and longitude)

  • Spherical coordinates (geocentric latitude and longitude)

  • A hybrid 2D coordinate system and 1D coordinate system on a map projection (for example, E=Easting, N=Northing, and H= orthometric height)

  • A hybrid 2D coordinate system and 1D coordinate system for the ellipsoid and sphere (for example: φ, λ, and h= ellipsoidal height)

    Note

    For theory aspects regarding coordinate systems, datum, and map projections, please refer to: Jonathan Iliffe and Roger Lott; Datums and Map projections for remote sensing, GIS, and surveying 1st Edition; Whittles Publishing, 2003.

Mathematic cartography uses...

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Key benefits

  • Learn how to use ArcGIS for Desktop to create and manage geographic data, perform vector and raster analysis, design maps, and share your results
  • Solve real-world problems and share your valuable results using the powerful instruments of ArcGIS for Desktop
  • Step-by-step tutorials cover the main editing, analyzing, and mapping tools in ArcGIS for Desktop

Description

ArcGIS for Desktop is one of the main components of the ESRI ArcGIS platform used to support decision making and solve real-world mapping problems. Learning ArcGIS for Desktop is a tutorial-based guide that provides a practical experience for those who are interested in start working with ArcGIS. The first five chapters cover the basic concepts of working with the File Geodatabase, as well as editing and symbolizing geospatial data. Then, the book focuses on planning and performing spatial analysis on vector and raster data using the geoprocessing and modeling tools. Finally, the basic principles of cartography design will be used to create a quality map that presents the information that resulted from the spatial analysis previously performed. To keep you learning throughout the chapters, all exercises have partial and final results stored in the dataset that accompanies the book. Finally, the book offers more than it promises by using the ArcGIS Online component in the tutorials as source of background data and for results sharing

Who is this book for?

This book is ideal for those who want to learn how to use the most important component of Esri’s ArcGIS platform, ArcGIS for Desktop. It would be helpful to have a bit of familiarity with the basic concepts of GIS. Even if you have no prior GIS experience, this book will get you up and running quickly.

What you will learn

  • ? Understand the functionality of ArcGIS for Desktop applications
  • ? Explore coordinate reference system concepts and work with different map
  • projections
  • ? Create, populate, and document a file geodatabase
  • ? Manage, create, and edit feature shapes and attributes
  • ? Built automate analysis workfl ows with ModelBuilder
  • ? Apply basic principles of map design to create good-looking maps
  • ? Analyze raster and three-dimensional data with the Spatial Analyst and
  • 3D Analyst extensions

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Table of Contents

11 Chapters
1. Getting Started with ArcGIS Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
2. Using Geographic Principles Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
3. Creating a Geodatabase and Interpreting Metadata Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
4. Creating Map Symbology Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
5. Creating and Editing Data Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
6. Analyzing Geographic Data and Presenting the Results Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
7. Working with Geoprocessing Tools and ModelBuilder Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
8. Using Spatial Analyst and 3D Analyst Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
9. Working with Aerial and Satellite Imagery Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
10. Designing Maps Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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Make sure you can download the codes and errata from the website of the publishing company before you buy . 4.3 GB of data needs to be downloaded which can be quite time consuming and disruptive even with a decent home based broad band connection.Normally a CD containing codes comes along with such books. Customer service of the publisher is useless and all about taking you for a ride.Indeed sad to see a well written book being sold by people who has not even got a clue on who the end user would be.
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