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TensorFlow 1.x Deep Learning Cookbook
TensorFlow 1.x Deep Learning Cookbook

TensorFlow 1.x Deep Learning Cookbook: Over 90 unique recipes to solve artificial-intelligence driven problems with Python

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TensorFlow 1.x Deep Learning Cookbook

Regression

This chapter shows how regression can be done using TensorFlow. In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:

  • Choosing loss functions
  • Optimizers in TensorFlow
  • Reading from CSV files and preprocessing data
  • House price estimation-simple linear regression
  • House price estimation-multiple linear regression
  • Logistic regression on the MNIST dataset

Introduction

Regression is one of the oldest and yet quite powerful tools for mathematical modelling, classification, and prediction. Regression finds application in varied fields ranging from engineering, physical science, biology, and the financial market to social sciences. It is the basic tool in the hand of a data scientist.

Regression is normally the first algorithm that people in machine learning work with. It allows us to make predictions from data by learning the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. For example, in the case of house price estimation, we determine the relationship between the area of the house (independent variable) and its price (dependent variable); this relationship can be then used to predict the price of any house given its area. We can have multiple independent variables impacting the dependent variable. Thus, there are two...

Choosing loss functions

As discussed earlier, in regression we define the loss function or objective function and the aim is to find the coefficients such that the loss is minimized. In this recipe, you will learn how to define loss functions in TensorFlow and choose a proper loss function depending on the problem at hand.

Getting ready

Declaring a loss function requires defining the coefficients as variables and the dataset as placeholders. One can have a constant learning rate or changing learning rate and regularization constant. In the following code, let m be the number of samples, n the number of features, and P the number of classes. We should define these global parameters before the code:

m = 1000
n = 15
P = 2
...

Optimizers in TensorFlow

From your high school math, you must know that a function's first derivative is zero at its maxima and minima. The gradient descent algorithm is based on the same principle--the coefficients (weights and biases) are adjusted such that the gradient of the loss function decreases. In regression, we use gradient descent to optimize the loss function and obtain coefficients. In this recipe, you will learn how to use the gradient descent optimizer of TensorFlow and some of its variants.

Getting ready

The update of coefficients (W and b) is done proportionally to the negative of the gradient of the loss function. There are three variations of gradient descent depending on the size of the training sample...

Reading from CSV files and preprocessing data

Most of you will already be familiar with Pandas and its usefulness in handling large dataset files. TensorFlow also offers methods to read from the files. In the first chapter, we went through the recipe for reading from files in TensorFlow; in this recipe, we will focus on how to read from CSV files and preprocess the data before training.

Getting ready

We will consider the Boston housing price dataset (http://lib.stat.cmu.edu/datasets/boston) collected by Harrison and Rubinfield in 1978. The dataset contains 506 sample cases. Each house is assigned 14 attributes:

  • CRIM: per capita crime rate by town
  • ZN: Proportion of residential land zoned for lots over 25,000 sq.ft
  • INDUS: Proportion...

House price estimation-simple linear regression

In this recipe, we will perform simple linear regression based on the number of rooms (RM) on the Boston house price dataset.

Getting ready

Our goal is to predict the house price given in the last column (MEDV). In this recipe, we load the dataset from the TensorFlow Contrib dataset directly. We optimize the coefficients for an individual training sample using the stochastic gradient descent optimizer.

How to do it...

We proceed with the recipe as follows:

  1. The first step is to import all the packages that we will need:
...

House price estimation-multiple linear regression

We can do multiple linear regression on the same data by making a slight modification in the declaration of weights and placeholders. In the case of multiple linear regression, as each feature has different value ranges, normalization becomes essential. Here is the code for multiple linear regression on the Boston house price dataset, using all the 13 input features.

How to do it...

Here is how we proceed with the recipe:

  1. The first step is to import all the packages that we will need:
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  1. We need to normalize the feature data since the data ranges of all the features are varied. We define a normalize...

Logistic regression on the MNIST dataset

This recipe is based on the logistic regressor for MNIST provided at https://www.tensorflow.org/get_started/mnist/beginners, but we will add some TensorBoard summaries to understand it better. Most of you must already be familiar with the MNIST dataset--it is like the ABC of machine learning. It contains images of handwritten digits and a label for each image, saying which digit it is.

For logistic regression, we use one-hot encoding for the output Y. Thus, we have 10 bits representing the output; each bit can have a value either 0 or 1, and being one-hot means that for each image in label Y, only one bit out of the 10 will have value 1, the rest will be zeros. Here, you can see the image of the handwritten numeral 8, along with its hot encoded value [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0]:

...
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Key benefits

  • Skill up and implement tricky neural networks using Google's TensorFlow 1.x
  • An easy-to-follow guide that lets you explore reinforcement learning, GANs, autoencoders, multilayer perceptrons and more.
  • Hands-on recipes to work with Tensorflow on desktop, mobile, and cloud environment

Description

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved a lot of success in the field of computer vision, speech recognition, and natural language processing. This exciting recipe-based guide will take you from the realm of DNN theory to implementing them practically to solve real-life problems in the artificial intelligence domain. In this book, you will learn how to efficiently use TensorFlow, Google’s open source framework for deep learning. You will implement different deep learning networks, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Deep Q-learning Networks (DQNs), and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), with easy-to-follow standalone recipes. You will learn how to use TensorFlow with Keras as the backend. You will learn how different DNNs perform on some popularly used datasets, such as MNIST, CIFAR-10, and Youtube8m. You will not only learn about the different mobile and embedded platforms supported by TensorFlow, but also how to set up cloud platforms for deep learning applications. You will also get a sneak peek at TPU architecture and how it will affect the future of DNNs. By using crisp, no-nonsense recipes, you will become an expert in implementing deep learning techniques in growing real-world applications and research areas such as reinforcement learning, GANs, and autoencoders.

Who is this book for?

This book is intended for data analysts, data scientists, machine learning practitioners and deep learning enthusiasts who want to perform deep learning tasks on a regular basis and are looking for a handy guide they can refer to. People who are slightly familiar with neural networks, and now want to gain expertise in working with different types of neural networks and datasets, will find this book quite useful.

What you will learn

  • • Leverage different data sets such as MNIST, CIFAR-10, and Youtube8m with TensorFlow and learn how to access and use them in your code
  • • Use TensorBoard to understand neural network architectures, optimize the learning process, and peek inside the neural network black box
  • • Use different regression techniques for prediction and classifi cation problems
  • • Build single and multilayer perceptrons in TensorFlow
  • • Implement a CNN and a RNN in TensorFlow, and use them to solve real-world problems
  • • Learn how Restricted Boltzmann Machines can be used to recommend movies
  • • Understand the implementation of autoencoders and deep belief networks, and use them for emotion detection
  • • Master the different reinforcement learning methods in order to implement game playing agents
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Length: 536 pages
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Table of Contents

14 Chapters
TensorFlow - An Introduction Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Regression Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Neural Networks - Perceptron Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Convolutional Neural Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Advanced Convolutional Neural Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Recurrent Neural Networks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Unsupervised Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Autoencoders Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Reinforcement Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Mobile Computation Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Generative Models and CapsNet Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Distributed TensorFlow and Cloud Deep Learning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Learning to Learn with AutoML (Meta-Learning) Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
TensorFlow Processing Units Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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U_R_K Aug 09, 2020
Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 1
This is highly recommended book. But Amazon shipped me India edition while charged for international edition. Instead of published 35% discount I ended up paying 35% more on printed price. Since I am in urgent need of the book, I am not going to return it.
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Olivier Croissant Mar 21, 2019
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Il est inadmissible de vendre presque au prix neuf un kindle illisible !
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Gayan Aug 18, 2018
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Good product good read
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Suren Jul 15, 2018
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I bought this book to expand my knowledge of tensorflow. In general this is good collage of articles on neural networks. However, all the articles separately available openly in the internet. For example chapter on lstms there is google neural translation machine, I expected to get more insight than it is in original google article, but the paragraph in the book is just copy/paste.There are plenty of typos in text as well as in code.Overall, if you are just starting with tensorflow, it’s a good reference point, however It is overpriced for the content that is freely available.
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H. Rast May 08, 2018
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I bought this from Packt on a discount (knowing full well the lack of quality of their publications), but I needed to do something specific with tensorflow really badly.Of course I get the book and go straight for that chapter, and wait for it... he is using Keras to do it.The title makes it seem like its a book on tensorflow but the one chapter that i read (chapter 4 section on using pretrained models) is using keras!false advertising.H
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