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Getting Started with Kubernetes
Getting Started with Kubernetes

Getting Started with Kubernetes: Extend your containerization strategy by orchestrating and managing large-scale container deployments , Third Edition

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€36.99
Paperback Oct 2018 470 pages 3rd Edition
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€8.99 €29.99
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Arrow left icon
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Paperback Oct 2018 470 pages 3rd Edition
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€8.99 €29.99
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Getting Started with Kubernetes

Building a Foundation with Core Kubernetes Constructs

This chapter will cover the core Kubernetes constructs, namely pods, services, replication controllers, replica sets, and labels. We will describe Kubernetes components, dimensions of the API, and Kubernetes objects. We will also dig into the major Kubernetes cluster components. A few simple application examples will be included to demonstrate each construct. This chapter will also cover basic operations for your cluster. Finally, health checks and scheduling will be introduced with a few examples.

The following topics will be covered in this chapter:

  • Kubernetes' overall architecture
  • The context of Kubernetes architecture within system theory
  • Introduction to core Kubernetes constructs, architecture, and components
  • How labels can simplify the management of a Kubernetes cluster
  • Monitoring services and container health
  • Setting...

Technical requirements

The Kubernetes system

To understand the complex architecture and components of Kubernetes, we should take a step back and look at the landscape of the overall system in order to understand the context and place of each moving piece. This book focuses mainly on the technical pieces and processes of the Kubernetes...

Core constructs

Now, let's dive a little deeper and explore some of the core abstractions Kubernetes provides. These abstractions will make it easier to think about our applications and ease the burden of life cycle management, high availability, and scheduling.

Pods

Pods allow you to keep related containers close in terms of the network and hardware infrastructure. Data can live near the application, so processing can be done without incurring a high latency from network traversal. Similarly, common data can be stored on volumes that are shared between a number of containers. Pods essentially allow you to logically group containers and pieces of our application stacks together.

While pods may run one or more containers...

Our first Kubernetes application

Before we move on, let's take a look at these three concepts in action. Kubernetes ships with a number of examples installed, but we'll create a new example from scratch to illustrate some of the concepts.

We already created a pod definition file but, as you learned, there are many advantages to running our pods via replication controllers. Again, using the book-examples/02_example folder we made earlier, we'll create some definition files and start a cluster of Node.js servers using a replication controller approach. Additionally, we'll add a public face to it with a load-balanced service.

Use your favorite editor to create the following file and name it as nodejs-controller.yaml:

apiVersion: v1 
kind: ReplicationController
metadata:
name: node-js
labels:
name: node-js
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
name: node...

Health checks

Kubernetes provides three layers of health checking. First, in the form of HTTP or TCP checks, K8s can attempt to connect to a particular endpoint and give a status of healthy on a successful connection. Second, application-specific health checks can be performed using command-line scripts. We can also use the exec container to run a health check from within your container. Anything that exits with a 0 status will be considered healthy.

Let's take a look at a few health checks in action. First, we'll create a new controller named nodejs-health-controller.yaml with a health check:

apiVersion: v1 
kind: ReplicationController
metadata:
name: node-js
labels:
name: node-js
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
name: node-js
template:
metadata:
labels:
name: node-js
spec:
containers:
- name: node-js
image...

Application scheduling

Now that we understand how to run containers in pods and even recover from failure, it may be useful to understand how new containers are scheduled on our cluster nodes.

As mentioned earlier, the default behavior for the Kubernetes scheduler is to spread container replicas across the nodes in our cluster. In the absence of all other constraints, the scheduler will place new pods on nodes with the least number of other pods belonging to matching services or replication controllers.

Additionally, the scheduler provides the ability to add constraints based on resources available to the node. Today, this includes minimum CPU and memory allocations. In terms of Docker, these use the CPU-shares and memory limit flags under the covers.

When additional constraints are defined, Kubernetes will check a node for available resources. If a node does not meet all the...

Summary

We took a look at the overall architecture for Kubernetes, as well as the core constructs provided to build your services and application stacks. You should have a better understanding of how these abstractions make it easier to manage the life cycle of your stack and/or services as a whole and not just the individual components. Additionally, we took a first-hand look at how to manage some simple day-to-day tasks using pods, services, and replication controllers. We also looked at how to use Kubernetes to automatically respond to outages via health checks. Finally, we explored the Kubernetes scheduler and some of the constraints users can specify to influence scheduling placement.

In the next chapter, we'll dive into the networking layer of Kubernetes. We'll see how networking is done and also look at the core Kubernetes proxy that is used for traffic routing...

Questions

  1. What are the three types of health checks?
  2. What is the replacement technology for Replication Controllers?
  3. Name all five layers of the Kubernetes system
  4. Name two network plugins for Kubernetes
  5. What are two of the options for container runtimes available to Kubernetes?
  6. What are the three main components of the Kubernetes architecture?
  7. Which type of selector filters keys and values according to a specific value?

Technical requirements


You'll need to have your Google Cloud Platform account enabled and logged in or you can use a local Minikube instance of Kubernetes. You can also use Play with Kubernetes over the web: https://labs.play-with-k8s.com/.

Here's the GitHub repository for this chapter: https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Getting-Started-with-Kubernetes-third-edition/tree/master/Code-files/Chapter02.

The Kubernetes system

To understand the complex architecture and components of Kubernetes, we should take a step back and look at the landscape of the overall system in order to understand the context and place of each moving piece. This book focuses mainly on the technical pieces and processes of the Kubernetes software, but let's examine the system from a top-down perspective. In the following diagram, you can see the major parts of the Kubernetes system, which is a great way to think about the classification of the parts we'll describe and utilize in this book:

Let's take a look at each piece...

Left arrow icon Right arrow icon

Key benefits

  • Get to grips with a wide range of tools to monitor and secure your deployments
  • Manage your container clusters and networks using Kubernetes
  • Get well-versed with the fundamentals of Kubernetes

Description

Kubernetes has continued to grow and achieve broad adoption across various industries, helping you to orchestrate and automate container deployments on a massive scale. Based on the recent release of Kubernetes 1.12, Getting Started with Kubernetes gives you a complete understanding of how to install a Kubernetes cluster. The book focuses on core Kubernetes constructs, such as pods, services, replica sets, replication controllers, and labels. You will understand cluster-level networking in Kubernetes, and learn to set up external access to applications running in the cluster. As you make your way through the book, you'll understand how to manage deployments and perform updates with minimal downtime. In addition to this, you will explore operational aspects of Kubernetes , such as monitoring and logging, later moving on to advanced concepts such as container security and cluster federation. You'll get to grips with integrating your build pipeline and deployments within a Kubernetes cluster, and be able to understand and interact with open source projects. In the concluding chapters, you'll orchestrate updates behind the scenes, avoid downtime on your cluster, and deal with underlying cloud provider instability within your cluster. By the end of this book, you'll have a complete understanding of the Kubernetes platform and will start deploying applications on it.

Who is this book for?

Getting Started with Kubernetes is for developers, system administrators, and DevOps engineers who want to automate the deployment process and scale their applications. No prior knowledge of Kubernetes is required.

What you will learn

  • Download, install, and configure the Kubernetes code base
  • Set up and access monitoring and logging for Kubernetes clusters
  • Set up external access to applications running in the cluster
  • Learn how to manage and scale kubernetes with hosted platforms on AWS, Azure, and GCP
  • Run multiple clusters and manage them from a single control plane
  • Discover top tools for deploying and managing a Kubernetes cluster
  • Learn how to get production ready and harden Kubernetes operations, networking, and storage
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Publication date : Oct 30, 2018
Length: 470 pages
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Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781788994729
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Table of Contents

17 Chapters
Introduction to Kubernetes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Building a Foundation with Core Kubernetes Constructs Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Working with Networking, Load Balancers, and Ingress Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Implementing Reliable Container-Native Applications Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Exploring Kubernetes Storage Concepts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Application Updates, Gradual Rollouts, and Autoscaling Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Designing for Continuous Integration and Delivery Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Monitoring and Logging Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Operating Systems, Platforms, and Cloud and Local Providers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Designing for High Availability and Scalability Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Kubernetes SIGs, Incubation Projects, and the CNCF Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Cluster Federation and Multi-Tenancy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Cluster Authentication, Authorization, and Container Security Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Hardening Kubernetes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Kubernetes Infrastructure Management Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Assessments Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
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