IPython and Jupyter Notebook

In 2001, Fernando Perez was a graduate student in physics at CU Boulder, and was trying to improve the Python shell so that he could have the niceties he was used to when working with tools such as Mathematica and Maple. The result of these efforts took the name IPython.

In a nutshell, that small script began as an enhanced version of the Python shell and, through the efforts of other coders and eventually with proper funding from several different companies, it became the wonderful and successful project it is today. Some 10 years after its birth, a Notebook environment was created, powered by technologies such as WebSockets, the Tornado web server, jQuery, CodeMirror, and MathJax. The ZeroMQ library was also used to handle the messages between the Notebook interface and the Python core that lies behind it.

The IPython Notebook became so popular and widely used that, over time, all sorts of goodies were added to it. It can handle widgets, parallel...