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CompTIA Linux+ Certification Guide
CompTIA Linux+ Certification Guide

CompTIA Linux+ Certification Guide: A comprehensive guide to achieving LX0-103 and LX0-104 certifications with mock exams

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CompTIA Linux+ Certification Guide

Booting the System

In the previous chapter, we covered the common hardware settings we manage on a daily basis. We touched on some commands that can be used to identify the hardware within a Linux system. This chapter continues from there and takes a step further, this time focusing on the process of booting the system. This looks at the GRUB and GRUB2 configuration files, focusing on the timer, default boot entry, and passing arguments to the GRUB/GRUB2 boot menu. It also covers the chkconfig, pstree, ps, systemctl, and dmeg commands, as well as the various start/stop scripts.

We will cover the following topics in this chapter:

  • The boot process explained
  • Understanding GRUB and GRUB2
  • Working with GRUB
  • Working with GRUB2

The boot process explained

In Linux, during boot up, the system looks for the boot sector on the hard disk. Once it finds the boot sector, it then searches for a boot loader. In turn, the boot loader loads the boot manager. In Linux, this will usually be either GRUB or GRUB2. After this stage, the user is presented with a boot menu. Finally, the user is given the opportunity to either select an operating system to load or edit an existing entry. The options available are usually going to be different versions of the Linux kernel. Sometimes, it might be an entirely different Linux distribution. However, in mixed environments, you may come into contact with another operating system, such as Microsoft Windows.

After the user selects a Linux kernel, depending on the Linux distribution release, a single process is started, known as init, which stands for initialization. init is often...

GRUB and GRUB2

Now we'll switch gears and discuss the boot managers whose jobs are to present the boot menu, from which the user has the options to select which operating system/Linux kernel to load or edit. First, we will focus on GRUB and then move on to GRUB2.

GRUB

GRUB stands for Grand Unified Bootloader. GRUB is primarily used for booting Linux distributions. However, GRUB can work with other boot loaders. A common use-case scenario is for dual booting with a Microsoft operating system: it does this by doing a hand-off to the Windows bootloader for Microsoft operating systems.

GRUB uses the /boot/grub/grub.conf file. Sometimes you will see /boot/grub/menu.lst, but this file is simply a symbolic link to /boot/grub...

Working with GRUB

Now we're going to interact with GRUB. We will add a custom boot entry. This will be presented upon reboot.

Before you work with GRUB, always make a backup copy of your /boot/grub/grub.conf.

We will use the vi command, which will open /boot/grub/grub.conf in the visual editor:

[root@localhost ~]# cat /boot/grub/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda2
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 ro root=UUID=05527d71-25b6-4931-a3bb-8fe505f3fa64...

Working with GRUB2

We add a custom boot entry in GRUB2 in a slightly different way from GRUB. In GRUB2, instead of editing the actual /boot/grub/grub.cfg, we work with /etc/default/grub and /etc/grub.d. Let's do a listing of /etc/grub.d to see all of the available files:

philip@ubuntu:~$ ls -l /etc/grub.d/
total 76
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 9791 Apr 15 2016 00_header
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 6258 Mar 15 2016 05_debian_theme
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 12261 Apr 15 2016 10_linux
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 11082 Apr 15 2016 20_linux_xen
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1992 Jan 28 2016 20_memtest86+
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 11692 Apr 15 2016 30_os-prober
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1418 Apr 15 2016 30_uefi-firmware
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 214 Apr 15 2016 40_custom
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 216 Apr 15 2016 41_custom
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 483 Apr 15 2016 README
philip@ubuntu:~$
Before you work with GRUB2, always...

Summary

In this chapter, we took a look at the boot process. We then discussed init and systemd. We used the pstree command and saw the first process that is loaded. We also used the ps command to identify the process number. We then looked at the boot messages that would normally scroll across the screen using the dmesg command. The messages displayed offer us hints as to what was loaded upon boot up. Furthermore, we can use the messages displayed to assist us whilst troubleshooting. Next, we covered GRUB and GRUB2, looking at the structure of GRUB, particularly /boot/grub/grub/conf. We looked at adding a custom menu entry in GRUB. We then explored interacting with GRUB in real time at the boot menu. After that, we looked at GRUB2, focusing on the structure of /boot/grub/grub.cfg. In addition, we looked into the other locations that play a role in the GRUB2 configuration: the...

Questions

  1. Where is the boot loader located on the hard disk?

A. The boot sector
B. The secondary partition
C. The logical partition
D. None of the above

  1. Which was the first commercial Unix operating system?

A. systemd
B. upstart
C. System X
D. System V

  1. Which command displays the processes, starting with the parent process followed by the child processes?

A. dnf
B. systemctl
C. pstree
D. ps

  1. Which is the first process that is started on a CentOS 5 system?

A. systemd
B. init
C. kickstart
D. upstart

  1. What has replaced init in newer releases of the Linux kernel?

A. telinit
B. systemctl
C. systemb
D. systemd

  1. Which command lists the processes that are running on a CentOS 7 distribution?

A. systemd list-unit-files
B. systemX list-unit-files
C. systemctl list-unit-files
D. service status unit-files

  1. Which command lists the hardware drivers that are loaded during system boot...

Further reading

  • You can get more information about the CentOS distributions, such as installing, configuration best practices, and so on, at https://www.centos.org.
  • The following website gives you a lot of useful tips and best practices from users in the Linux community, particularly for the Debian distributions, such as Ubuntu: https://askubuntu.com.
  • This following link gives you information that relates to various commands that work on both CentOS and Ubuntu. You can post your questions there and other community members will respond: https://www.linuxquestions.org.
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Key benefits

  • Get a clear understanding of how to achieve Linux+ certification
  • Explore system architecture, Shell scripts, data management, and Linux security
  • Work through practice and mock tests to pass both LX0-103 and LX0-104 exams

Description

The Linux+ certification provides a broad awareness of Linux operating systems, while giving professionals an upper hand in the IT industry. With this certification, you’ll be equipped with the all-important knowledge of installation, operation, administration, and troubleshooting services. This CompTIA Linux+ Certification Guide will give you an overview of the system architecture. You’ll understand how to install and uninstall Linux distributions, followed by working with various package managers. You’ll then move on to manipulating files and processes at the command-line interface (CLI) and creating, monitoring, killing, restarting, and modifying processes. As you progress, you’ll be equipped to work with display managers and learn how you can create, modify, and remove user accounts and groups, as well as understand how to automate tasks. The last set of chapters will help you configure dates and set up local and remote system logging. In addition to this, you’ll explore different internet protocols, and delve into network configuration, security administration, Shell scripting, and SQL management. By the end of this book, you’ll not only have got to grips with all the modules you need to study for the LX0-103 and LX0-104 certification exams, but you’ll also be able to test your understanding with practice questions and mock exams.

Who is this book for?

This book is for you if you want to gain the CompTIA Linux+ certification. You’ll also find this guide useful if you’re a system administrator or rookie Linux professional interested in enhancing your Linux and Shell scripting skills. No prior knowledge of Linux is needed, although some understanding of Shell scripting would be helpful.

What you will learn

  • Understand the Linux system architecture
  • Install, upgrade, and manage Linux system packages
  • Configure devices and maintain the Linux filesystem
  • Learn to write Shell scripts and manage data
  • Set user interfaces and desktops in the Linux operating system
  • Automate system admin tasks and manage essential system services
  • Manage SQL server on Linux and log locally and remotely with rsyslogd
  • Administer network and local security
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Publication date : Sep 26, 2018
Length: 590 pages
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Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781789344493
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Table of Contents

22 Chapters
Configuring the Hardware Settings Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Booting the System Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Changing Runlevels and Boot Targets Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Designing a Hard Disk Layout Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Installing a Linux Distribution Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using Debian Package Management Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Using YUM Package Management Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Performing File Management Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Creating, Monitoring, Killing, and Restarting Processes Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Modifying Process Execution Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Display Managers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Managing User and Group Accounts Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Automating Tasks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Maintaining System Time and Logging Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Fundamentals of Internet Protocol Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Network Configuration and Troubleshooting Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Performing Administrative Security Tasks Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Shell Scripting and SQL Data Management Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Mock Exam - 1 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Mock Exam - 2 Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Assessment Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2.7
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2 star 10%
1 star 50%
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TCAW Jun 15, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Yo uso este libro como referencia y me sirve de mucho para ese fin. Probablemente bastaría para aprender Linux si se lee y pone en práctica de principio a fin, pero creo que hay maneras más rápidas de aprender a usar ese sistema operativo. De todas formas, es muy completo y se puede seguir bien.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Adrian Grant Dec 11, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
After going through this book, I've gained more appreciation for Linux.Particularly in dealing with multiboot environments, working with the various boot loaders.Once I started going through the chapters, I found them to cover the current Linux+ exams (LX0-103 & LX0104).This in turn increased my confidence with the various Linux distributions which is ideal for me in my exam preparations. I would highly recommend this book for system admins and network admins looking to get up to speed in Linux and for those newbies like myself preparing for the CompTIA Linux+ certification.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Jose L. Jan 16, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
The author did good, brief, and view of examples for all the processes. This the best I have ever seen for studying for an exam.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Reeaz Shaw Dec 12, 2018
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Very useful. I recommend it to anyone who plans to sit the LX0-103 and LX0-104 exams
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DavidSTippit001 Mar 09, 2019
Full star icon Full star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon Empty star icon 2
Book is more of just a list of commands not set up as a teaching course with objectives
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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