Vectors

Vectors are abstract mathematical objects with a magnitude (size) and direction (orientation). A vector is represented by an arrow that has a base (tail) and a head. The head shows the direction of the vector, while the length of the arrow's body shows its magnitude.

A scalar, in contrast to a vector, is a sole number. It's a non-vector, that is, a pure integer, real or complex (as we shall see later), that has no elements and hence no direction.

Vectors are symbolized by either a bold-faced letter A, a letter with an arrow on top, or simply by a regular letter, if there is no ambiguity regarding the notation in the discussion. The magnitude of the vector, A, is stylized as |A| or simply A. Now, let's have a look at the various vector operations.

Vector Operations

Simply put, a vector is a collection (think of a list or array) of two, three, or more numbers that form a mathematical object. This object lives in a particular geometrical space called...