This book will teach you how to build a complete Bootstrap website from scratch. Starting with a simple layout in Chapter 2, Making a Style Statement, and Chapter 3, Building the Layout, we will build and improve the website's various sections as we progress through each chapter. The concept behind our website is simple—to develop a landing page for photographers. Using this landing page, (hypothetical) users will be able to exhibit their wares and services. While building our website, we will be making use of the same third-party tools and libraries that you would if you were working as a professional software developer. We chose these tools and plugins specifically because of their widespread use. Learning how to use and integrate them will save you a lot of work when developing websites in the future. The tools that we will use to assist us throughout the development of MyPhoto are node package manager (npm) and grunt.

From a development perspective, the construction of MyPhoto will teach you how to use and apply all the essential user interface concepts and components required to build a fully-functioning website. Among other things, you will learn how to do the following:

• Using the Bootstrap grid system to structure the information presented on your website.
• Creating a fixed, branded navigation bar with animated scroll effects.
• Using an image carousel for displaying different photographs, implemented using Bootstrap's carousel and jumbotron (jumbotron is a design principle for displaying important content). It should be noted that carousels are becoming an increasingly unpopular design choice; however, they are still heavily used and are an important feature of Bootstrap. As such, we do not argue for or against the use of carousels, as their effectiveness depends very much on how they are used, rather than on whether they are used.
• Building custom tabs that allow users to navigate through different contents.
• Using and applying Bootstrap's modal dialogs.
• Applying a fixed page footer.
• Creating forms for data entry using Bootstrap's input controls (text fields, text areas, and buttons) and applying Bootstrap's input validation styles.
• Making the best use of Bootstrap's context classes.
• Creating alert messages and learning how to customize them.
• Rapidly developing interactive data tables for displaying product information.
• Using drop-down menus, custom fonts, and icons.
• Creating breadcrumbs to aid navigation.
• Learning to use typeahead.
• Effectively using Bootstrap utility classes to speed up website development.
• Managing alignment and layout using flexbox.
• Building interfaces that support screen readers.

In addition to learning how to use Bootstrap 4, the development of MyPhoto will introduce you to a range of third-party libraries such as Scrollspy (for scroll animations), SalvattoreJS (a library for complementing our Bootstrap grid), Animate.css (for beautiful CSS animations, such as fade-in effects), and Bootstrap DataTables (for rapidly displaying data in tabular form).

The website itself will consist of different sections:

• A Welcome section
• An About section
• A Services section
• A Gallery section
• A Contact Us section

The development of each section is intended to teach you how to use a distinct set of features found in third-party libraries. For example, by developing the Welcome section, you will learn how to use Bootstrap's jumbotron and alert dialogs along with different font and text styles, while the About section will show you how to use cards. The Services section of our project introduces you to Bootstrap's custom tabs—that is, you will learn how to use Bootstrap's tabs to display a range of different services offered by our website.

Following on from the Services section, you will need to use rich imagery to really show off the website's sample services. You will achieve this by mastering Bootstrap's responsive core along with Bootstrap's carousel and third-party jQuery plugins. Last but not least, the Contact Us section will demonstrate how to use Bootstrap's form elements and helper functions—that is, you will learn how to use Bootstrap to create stylish HTML forms, how to use form fields and input groups, and how to handle the display of data validation results.

Finally, toward the end of the book, you will learn how to optimize your website, and integrate it with the popular JavaScript frameworks, AngularJS (https://angularjs.org/) and React (https://reactjs.org/). As entire books have been written on AngularJS alone, we will only cover the essentials required for the integration itself.

Now that you have glimpsed a brief overview of MyPhoto, let's examine Bootstrap 4 in more detail and discuss what makes it so different from its predecessor. Take a look at the following screenshot:

Much has changed since Twitter's Bootstrap was first released on August 19th, 2011. In essence, the first version of Bootstrap was a collection of CSS rules offering developers the ability to lay out their website, create forms, buttons, and help with general appearance and site navigation. With respect to these core features, Bootstrap 4 is still much the same as its predecessors—that is, how one uses the framework to create layouts and user interfaces with a consistent appearance. The latter is achieved by applying Bootstrap styles to buttons, forms, and other user interface elements.

While the elementary features of Bootstrap have remained the same, under the hood, the framework has changed completely, as Bootstrap 4 has been rewritten from scratch. As such, the framework introduces new utility classes and new components, and drops support for others at the same time. The appearance of individual components has changed too, and so has the manner in which third-party plugins should be defined and created. The developers of Bootstrap 4 have also stopped support for some older web-browsers and added support for others - namely, Android v5.0 Lollipop’s Browser and WebView. Along with Bootstrap's major features, we will be discussing these changes in the subsections that follow.

Possibly the most important and widely used feature is Bootstrap's ability to lay out and organize a page. At the core of this functionality lies the Bootstrap grid system: a series of CSS classes and media queries that allow you to easily define the horizontal and vertical position of elements on a page, taking into account different screen sizes at the same time. Using the grid system is as easy as applying a few classes to your elements and specifying a tier (that is, the viewport size at which the sizing for the element takes effect). No JavaScript magic or custom CSS rules need to be written. With Bootstrap 4, this grid system has been completely overhauled, and a new grid tier has been added. This means that in contrast to Bootstrap 3, the grid system now offers tiers for extra-small, small, medium, large, and extra-large displays. We will be talking about tiers, breakpoints, and Bootstrap's grid system extensively in Chapter 2, Making a Style Statement.

Along with the grid system, Bootstrap offers the following:

• Responsive containers.
• Responsive breakpoints for adjusting page layout in response to differing screen sizes.
• Media objects that act as building blocks and allow you to build your own structural components.
• Utility classes that allow you to manipulate elements in a responsive manner. For example, you can use the layout utility classes to hide elements, depending on screen size.

Also, Bootstrap 4 now ships with default support for a CSS3 layout mode called flexbox, for the easier positioning of elements while also accounting for different screen sizes. We will be talking about how to manage element alignment using flexbox later on in Chapter 8, Utilities.

As already noted, one of Bootstrap’s core objectives is to allow the development of consistent user interfaces. This means that using Bootstrap, one should be able to build web pages that look and feel the same, regardless of which browser is being used to view them. Alternatively, in other words, and as noted in the official Bootstrap 4 documentation:

As different browsers ship with different element styles, Bootstrap overrides all the default browser styles, hence ensuring the consistent rendering of elements across different browsers. The overriding is achieved using a collection of Bootstrap CSS rules collectively known as Reboot. These rules are the Bootstrap team's own modification of Normalize—a third-party library (used by Bootstrap 3) for resetting default element styles.

Building on top of this clean slate, Bootstrap 4 provides a set of basic styles that allow you to effectively improve the general look and feel of the most commonly-used elements used to construct user interfaces. Examples of the elements that Bootstrap allows you to style are buttons (figure 1.2), input fields, headings (figure 1.3), paragraphs, special inline texts, figures, tables, and navigation controls.

In addition, Bootstrap offers state styles for all input controls—for example, styles for disabled buttons or toggle buttons:

It should be noted that the default font size in Bootstrap 4 is now 2 px bigger than in its predecessor, having increased from 14 px to 16 px. Naturally, this makes textual content, such as body text and headings, appear slightly larger without being too obtrusive. The display of text is now also controlled by your native font stack (also known as the system font stack; the native font stack refers to the default collection of fonts used by your operating system) as opposed to the default web fonts. Using the native font stack has the following advantages:

• Improved overall rendering speed of text as the web browser no longer needs to download any font files
• Allows for a more consistent look and feel as a page's text content matches that of the operating system the browser is running on

Bootstrap offers a large collection of fundamental user interface (UI) components that allow you to quickly construct any type of user interface. Specifically, Bootstrap offers Modal dialogs, progress bars, navigation bars, tooltips, popovers, a carousel, alerts, drop-down menus, input groups, tabs, pagination, cards, forms, list groups, breadcrumbs, and a jumbotron (refer to figure 1.4). All of these components, in addition to collapsible content—such as accordions—come out of the box and ready to use.

In addition, they can be styled using one of four context colors introduced in the previous subsection or customized to suit specific needs.

Readers familiar with Bootstrap 3 will have noted that panels, wells, and thumbnails do not feature in the preceding screenshot, figure 1.4. That is because these components have been replaced with a new concept—cards. To readers unfamiliar with the concept of wells, a well is a UI component that allows developers to highlight text content by applying an inset shadow effect to the element to which it is applied. A panel, on the other hand, also serves to highlight information, but by applying padding and rounded borders. Neither panels nor wells, however, took into account different types of contents.

Cards address this shortcoming by being less restrictive and giving the developer the flexibility to support different types of content, such as images, lists, or text, and allowing for the adding of footers and headers; look at figure 1.5:

Forms in Bootstrap 4 have also been overhauled and now offered for the configuration of different layout options (refer to Figure 1.6) as well as shipping with input validation classes (check out Figure 1.7):

By applying these classes, the developer can quickly indicate erroneous input or inform the user of the successful submission of the form; doing so in the past required the use of third-party libraries or a manual implementation. Individual form controls - such as buttons - can now also be adjusted in size - a feature that seems trivial, but is often widely required:

The form controls can also be themselves customized while maintaining cross-browser consistency across input elements by applying the custom-* classes (refer to figure 1.7). In essence, these classes allow one to replace the default checkbox, radio, select and file upload input controls (check out figure 1.8, as follows) while maintaining a consistent look:

Similar to its predecessor, Bootstrap 4 allows you to create mobile-friendly websites without too much additional development work. By default, Bootstrap is designed to work across all resolutions and screen sizes, from mobile to tablet to a desktop. In fact, Bootstrap's mobile-first design philosophy implies that its components must display and function correctly at the smallest screen size possible. The reasoning behind this is simple. Think about developing a website without consideration for small mobile screens. In this case, you are likely to pack your website full of buttons, labels, and tables. You will probably only discover any usability issues when a user attempts to visit your website using a mobile device, only to find a small web page that is crowded with buttons and forms. At this stage, you will be required to rework the entire user interface to allow it to render on smaller screens. For precisely this reason, Bootstrap promotes a bottom-up approach, forcing developers to get the user interface to render correctly on the smallest possible screen size, before expanding upward.

Apart from ready-to-go components, Bootstrap offers a large selection of utility classes that encapsulate the most commonly needed functionality in order to reduce the number of repetitive style rules. Examples of such utilities include classes for quickly styling borders, clearing floats, creating generic close icons, defining colors, changing the display and visibility properties of elements, and adjusting size and spacing. Some of these utility classes already existed in Bootstrap 3, while others are brand new or have been adapted, renamed, or modified. We will be using these utility classes throughout the course of this book, and they will gain our full, undivided attention in Chapter 8, Utilities, for example, rules for aligning text, hiding an element, or providing contextual colors for warning text.

Bootstrap 4 supports the latest stable release of all modern browsers on both desktop and mobile devices, that is, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari, Internet Explorer 10 - 11, and Microsoft Edge. Furthermore:

It is important to note that unlike its predecessor, Bootstrap 4 no longer supports Internet Explorer 9 and earlier versions. The decision to only support newer versions of Internet Explorer was a reasonable one, as Microsoft itself doesn't provide technical support and updates for Internet Explorer 8 (and earlier versions) anymore (as of January 2016). Furthermore, as we will discover later on in this book, Bootstrap 4 relies on flexbox, which is also not supported by older browsers.

Furthermore, Internet Explorer 8 (and earlier) does not support rem, meaning that Bootstrap 4 would have been required to provide a workaround. This, in turn, would most likely have implied a large amount of additional development work, with the potential for inconsistencies. Lastly, responsive website development for Internet Explorer 8 (and earlier) is difficult, as the browser does not support CSS media queries. Given these three factors, dropping support for this version of Internet Explorer was the most sensible path of action.

Both Less and Sass (Syntactically Awesome Stylesheets) are CSS extension languages—that is, they are languages that extend the CSS vocabulary with the objective of making the development of many, large, and complex stylesheets easier. Although Less and Sass are fundamentally different languages, the general manner in which they extend CSS is the same—both rely on a preprocessor. As you produce your build, the preprocessor is run, parsing the Less/Sass script and turning your Less or Sass instructions into plain CSS.

Less is the official Bootstrap 3 build, while Bootstrap 4 has been developed from scratch, and is written entirely in Sass. Both Less and Sass are compiled into CSS to produce bootstrap.css. Along with that, it also produces its minified version—bootstrap.min.css—and map files. It is this CSS file that we will be primarily referencing throughout this book (with the exception of Chapter 3, Building the Layout). Consequently, you will not be required to know Sass in order to follow this book. However, we do recommend that you take a 20-minute introductory course on Sass if you are completely new to the language. Rest assured if you already know CSS; you will not need more time than this. The language's syntax is very close to normal CSS, and its elementary concepts are similar to those contained within any other programming language.

Unlike its predecessor, Bootstrap 4 no longer uses pixel (px) as its unit of typographic measurement. Instead, it primarily uses root em (rem). The reasoning behind choosing rem is based on a well-known problem with px; websites using px may render incorrectly, or not as originally intended, as users change the size of the browser's base font. Using a unit of measurement that is relative to the page's root element helps address this problem, as the root element will be scaled relative to the browser's base font. In turn, a page will be scaled relative to this root element.

Since Bootstrap 4 relies on a tool called Autoprefixer to automatically add vendor prefixes to CSS rules, the vendor prefix mixins which were marked as deprecated in Bootstrap version 3.2 have now been completely removed. In addition, the following mixins have also been removed (source: Bootstrap 4 documentation—https://getbootstrap.com/docs/4.0/migration/):

animation, animation-delay, animation-direction, animation-duration, animation-fill-mode, animation-iteration-count, animation-name, animation-timing-function, backface-visibility, box-sizing, content-columns, hyphens, opacity, perspective, perspective-origin, rotate, rotateX, rotateY, scale, scaleX, scaleY, skew, transform-origin, transition-delay, transition-duration, transition-property, transition-timing-function, transition-transform, translate, translate3d, and user-select

Bootstrap 3 shipped with Glyphicons—a nice collection of over 250 font icons, free of use. While great in theory, font icons come with a number of problems in practice:

• Font icons may break screenreaders as the readers will literally try to read out the icon.
• Persons with fonts to aid their reading. Font icons will break if that happens.
• If the icons fail, then the web browser replaces them with a default fallback. This makes controls using these icons look funny at best.

These three major problems, combined with the desire to make Bootstrap 4 more lightweight, led to the development team’s decision to no longer make Glyphicons available (however, this does not prevent one from including font icon set manually).

Bootstrap 4 offers a collection of premium themes. At the time of writing, the Bootstrap team offered three distinct themes:

• A Dashboard theme containing premium components aimed toward admin and analytic websites
• A Marketing theme for generic e-commerce and marketing websites
• An Application theme containing components and utilities for building generic web applications (refer to figure 1.9)

Each theme works seamlessly with Bootstrap 4 and ships with all assets included. A multiuse license for these themes costs $99, while an extended license that allows for redistribution and resale costs $999.

The developers behind Bootstrap 4 have put specific emphasis on customization throughout the development of Bootstrap 4. As such, many new variables have been introduced that allow for the easy customization of Bootstrap. Using the $enabled-*- Sass variables (found in node_modules/bootstrap/scss/_variables.scss), one can now enable or disable specific global CSS preferences.

Now that we know what Bootstrap has to offer, let's set up our project:

1. Create a new project directory named MyPhoto. This will become our project root directory.
2. Create a blank index.html file and insert the following HTML code:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
   <head>
      <meta charset="utf-8">
      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
       scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
      <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
      <title>MyPhoto</title>
   </head>
   <body>
      <div class="alert alert-success"> Hello World!
      </div>
   </body>
</html>

Note the three meta tags. The first tag tells the browser that the document in question is utf-8 encoded. Since Bootstrap optimizes its content for mobile devices, the subsequent meta tag is required to help with viewport scaling. The last meta tag forces the document to be rendered using the latest document rendering mode available if viewed in Internet Explorer.

3. Open index.html in your browser. You should see just a blank page with the words Hello World.

Now it is time to include Bootstrap. At its core, Bootstrap is a glorified CSS style sheet. Within that style sheet, Bootstrap exposes very powerful features of CSS with an easy-to-use syntax. It being a style sheet, you include it in your project as you would with any other style sheet that you might develop yourself—that is, open the index.html and directly link it to the style sheet.

For now, we will use the Bootstrap builds hosted on Bootstrap's official Content Delivery Network (CDN). This is done by including the following HTML tag into the head of your HTML document (the head of your HTML document refers to the contents between the <head> opening tag and the </head> closing tag):

<link rel="stylesheet" 
href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css" >

Bootstrap relies on jQuery, a JavaScript framework that provides a layer of abstraction in an effort to simplify the most common JavaScript operations (such as element selection and event handling). If you just need Bootstrap for laying out your app, you don't need to include those JS files. The Bootstrap JavaScript files are only needed if you'll use any of these components:

• Alerts
• Buttons
• Carousels
• Collapsible content
• Dropdowns
• Navbar
• Tooltips
• Scrollspy

Since we will be making use of all the aforementioned components, we must include the Bootstrap JavaScript file, and we must first include jQuery. Both inclusions should occur just before the </body> closing tag.

Let's add the following to our HTML document:

<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.2.1.slim.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.12.9/umd/popper.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>

Note that while these scripts could, of course, be loaded at the top of the page, loading scripts at the end of the document is considered the best practice to speed up page loading time and to avoid JavaScript issues preventing the page from being rendered. The reason for this is that browsers do not download all dependencies in parallel (although a certain number of requests are made asynchronously, depending on the browser and the domain). Consequently, forcing the browser to download dependencies early on will block page rendering until these assets have been downloaded. Furthermore, ensuring that your scripts are loaded last will ensure that once you invoke Document Object Model (DOM) operations in your scripts, you can be sure that your page's elements have already been rendered. As a result, you can avoid checks that ensure the existence of given elements.

Save your changes and reload the index.html in your browser. The Hello World string should now contain a green background:

Now that the Bootstrap framework has been included in our project, open your browser's developer console (if using Chrome on Microsoft Windows, press Ctrl + Shift + I; on macOS X, you can press cmd + Alt + I). As Bootstrap requires another third-party library Popper, for displaying popovers and tooltips, the developer console will display an error (Figure 1.6). Take a look at the following screenshot:

Popper is available via the CloudFare CDN and consists of both a CSS file and a JavaScript file. The dependency is a library that allows for the easy positioning of tooltips and popovers and is approximately 6 KB in size. It should be noted that the required version for Bootstrap is 1.12.9, although Bootstrap will function correctly—except for its tooltips and popovers—if the library, or an incorrect version of the library, is being included:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
   <head>
      <meta charset="utf-8">
      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial- 
         scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
      <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
      <title>MyPhoto</title>
      <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/
       bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css" >
   </head>
   <body>
      <div class="alert alert-success"> 
        Hello World!
      </div>
      <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.2.1.slim.min.js"> 
      </script>
      <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/
      1.12.9/umd/popper.min.js"></script>
      <script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/js/
      bootstrap.min.js"></script>
   </body>
</html>

While CDNs are an important resource, there are several reasons why, at times, using a third-party CDN may not be desirable:

• CDNs introduce an additional point of failure, as you now rely on third-party servers.
• The privacy and security of users may be compromised, as there is no guarantee that the CDN provider does not inject malicious code into the libraries that are being hosted, nor can one be certain that the CDN does not attempt to track its users.
• Certain CDNs may be blocked by the Internet Service Providers of users in different geographical locations.
• Offline development will not be possible when relying on a remote CDN.
• You will not be able to optimize the files hosted by your CDN. This loss of control may affect your website's performance (although typically, you are more often than not offered an optimized version of the library through the CDN).

Instead of relying on a CDN, we can manually download the jQuery, Popper, and Bootstrap project files. We can then copy these builds into our project root and link them to the distribution files. The disadvantage of this approach is the fact that maintaining a manual collection of dependencies can quickly become very cumbersome and next to impossible as your website grows in size and complexity.

As such, we will not manually download the Bootstrap build. Instead, we will let NPM do it for us. NPM is a package management system—that is, a tool that you can use to manage your website's dependencies. It automatically downloads, organizes, and (upon command) updates your website's dependencies. To install Bower, head over to https://www.npmjs.com/get-npm.

Once NPM has been installed, open up your terminal, navigate to the project root folder you created earlier, and fetch the Bootstrap build:

npm init
npm install bootstrap

This will create a new folder structure in our project root:

|  node_modules
    |  bootstrap
        |  LICENSE
        |  README.md
        |  package.json
        |  dist
        |  js
        |  scss

We will explain all of these various files and directories later on in this book. For now, you can safely ignore everything except for the dist directory inside node_modules/bootstrap/. Go ahead and open the dist directory. You should see three subdirectories:

• css
• js

The name dist stands for distribution. Typically, the distribution directory contains the production-ready code that users can deploy. As its name implies, the css directory inside dist includes the ready-for-use style sheets. Likewise, the js directory contains the JavaScript files that compose Bootstrap.

To reference the local Bootstrap CSS file in our index.html, modify the href attribute of the link tag that points to bootstrap.min.css:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="node_modules/bootstrap/dist/css
/bootstrap.min.css">

Let's do the same for the Bootstrap JavaScript file:

<script src="node_modules/bootstrap/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script>

Repeat this process for both jQuery and Popper. To install jQuery using Bower, use the following command:

npm install jquery@>=3.0.0

Just as before, a new directory will be created inside the node_modules directory:

|  node_modules
    |  jquery
        |  AUTHORS.txt
        |  LICENSE.txt
        |  README.md
        |  bower.json
        |  dist
        |  external
        |  package.json
        | src

Again, we are only interested in the contents of the dist directory, which, among other files, will contain the compressed jQuery build jquery.min.js.

Reference this file by modifying the src attribute of the script tag that currently points to Google's jquery.min.js by replacing the URL with the path to our local copy of jQuery:

<script src="node_modules/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js"></script>

Last but not least, repeat the steps already outlined for Popper:

npm install popper.js@^1.12.9

Once the installation completes, a similar folder structure to the ones for Bootstrap and jQuery will have been created. Verify the contents of node_modules/popper.js/dist and replace the CDN Popper references in our index.html with their local equivalent. The final index.html should now look as follows:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
   <head>
      <meta charset="utf-8">
      <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-
      scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
      <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
      <title>MyPhoto</title>
      <link rel="stylesheet" 
       href="node_modules/bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css">
   </head>
   <body>
      <div class="alert alert-success">
         Hello World!
      </div>
      <script src="node_modules/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js"></script>
      <script src="node_modules/popper.js/dist/umd/popper.min.js"> 
      </script>
      <script src="node_modules/bootstrap/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js">
      </script>
   </body>
</html>

Refresh the index.html in your browser to ensure that everything works.

The goal of this chapter was to introduce you to Bootstrap 4, and explain the following things to you:

• What Bootstrap has to offer.
• Why you should use Bootstrap.
• How to get started using Bootstrap. 

As such, you should now understand that Bootstrap can assist developers in building the layout of a page, structuring and styling its contents as well as how to "bootstrap" a simple HTML page.

During the wider course of this discussion, we also highlighted and explained some important concepts in web development, such as typographic units of measurement or the definition, purpose, and justification for the use of Content Delivery Networks.

Last but not least, we introduced you to our sample project—MyPhoto—which sets the scene for the remainder of the book, as we will use it to illustrate just how to use Bootstrap in order to develop a modern website.

Now, let's move on to  Chapter 2, Making a Style Statement, so that we can introduce you to the Bootstrap grid system by building a general layout for the first page of our sample project