Gated recurrent unit — GRU

The GRU is a variant of the LSTM and was introduced by K. Cho (for more information refer to: Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation, by K. Cho, arXiv:1406.1078, 2014). It retains the LSTM's resistance to the vanishing gradient problem, but its internal structure is simpler, and therefore is faster to train, since fewer computations are needed to make updates to its hidden state. The gates for a GRU cell are illustrated in the following diagram:

Instead of the input, forget, and output gates in the LSTM cell, the GRU cell has two gates, an update gate z, and a reset gate r. The update gate defines how much previous memory to keep around and the reset gate defines how to combine the new input with the previous memory. There is no persistent cell state distinct from the hidden state as in LSTM. The following equations define the gating mechanism in a GRU:

According to several empirical evaluations (for more information...