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Asynchronous Programming in Rust
Asynchronous Programming in Rust

Asynchronous Programming in Rust: Learn asynchronous programming by building working examples of futures, green threads, and runtimes

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Asynchronous Programming in Rust

Concurrency and Asynchronous Programming: a Detailed Overview

Asynchronous programming is one of those topics many programmers find confusing. You come to the point when you think you’ve got it, only to later realize that the rabbit hole is much deeper than you thought. If you participate in discussions, listen to enough talks, and read about the topic on the internet, you’ll probably also come across statements that seem to contradict each other. At least, this describes how I felt when I first was introduced to the subject.

The cause of this confusion is often a lack of context, or authors assuming a specific context without explicitly stating so, combined with terms surrounding concurrency and asynchronous programming that are rather poorly defined.

In this chapter, we’ll be covering a lot of ground, and we’ll divide the content into the following main topics:

  • Async history
  • Concurrency and parallelism
  • The operating system and the...

Technical requirements

All examples will be written in Rust, and you have two alternatives for running the examples:

  • Write and run the examples we’ll write on the Rust playground
  • Install Rust on your machine and run the examples locally (recommended)

The ideal way to read this chapter is to clone the accompanying repository (https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Asynchronous-Programming-in-Rust/tree/main/ch01/a-assembly-dereference) and open the ch01 folder and keep it open while you read the book. There, you’ll find all the examples we write in this chapter and even some extra information that you might find interesting as well. You can of course also go back to the repository later if you don’t have that accessible right now.

An evolutionary journey of multitasking

In the beginning, computers had one CPU that executed a set of instructions written by a programmer one by one. No operating system (OS), no scheduling, no threads, no multitasking. This was how computers worked for a long time. We’re talking back when a program was assembled in a deck of punched cards, and you got in big trouble if you were so unfortunate that you dropped the deck onto the floor.

There were operating systems being researched very early and when personal computing started to grow in the 80s, operating systems such as DOS were the standard on most consumer PCs.

These operating systems usually yielded control of the entire CPU to the program currently executing, and it was up to the programmer to make things work and implement any kind of multitasking for their program. This worked fine, but as interactive UIs using a mouse and windowed operating systems became the norm, this model simply couldn’t work anymore...

Concurrency versus parallelism

Right off the bat, we’ll dive into this subject by defining what concurrency is. Since it is quite easy to confuse concurrent with parallel, we will try to make a clear distinction between the two from the get-go.

Important

Concurrency is about dealing with a lot of things at the same time.

Parallelism is about doing a lot of things at the same time.

We call the concept of progressing multiple tasks at the same time multitasking. There are two ways to multitask. One is by progressing tasks concurrently, but not at the same time. Another is to progress tasks at the exact same time in parallel. Figure 1.1 depicts the difference between the two scenarios:

Figure 1.1 – Multitasking two tasks

Figure 1.1 – Multitasking two tasks

First, we need to agree on some definitions:

  • Resource: This is something we need to be able to progress a task. Our resources are limited. This could be CPU time or memory.
  • Task: This is a set of operations...

The role of the operating system

The operating system (OS) stands in the center of everything we do as programmers (well, unless you’re writing an operating system or working in the embedded realm), so there is no way for us to discuss any kind of fundamentals in programming without talking about operating systems in a bit of detail.

Concurrency from the operating system’s perspective

This ties into what I talked about earlier when I said that concurrency needs to be talked about within a reference frame, and I explained that the OS might stop and start your process at any time.

What we call synchronous code is, in most cases, code that appears synchronous to us as programmers. Neither the OS nor the CPU lives in a fully synchronous world.

Operating systems use preemptive multitasking and as long as the operating system you’re running is preemptively scheduling processes, you won’t have a guarantee that your code runs instruction by instruction...

The CPU and the operating system

Does the CPU cooperate with the operating system?

If you had asked me this question when I first thought I understood how programs work, I would most likely have answered no. We run programs on the CPU and we can do whatever we want if we know how to do it. Now, first of all, I wouldn’t have thought this through, but unless you learn how CPUs and operating systems work together, it’s not easy to know for sure.

What started to make me think I was very wrong was a segment of code that looked like what you’re about to see. If you think inline assembly in Rust looks foreign and confusing, don’t worry just yet. We’ll go through a proper introduction to inline assembly a little later in this book. I’ll make sure to go through each of the following lines until you get more comfortable with the syntax:

Repository reference: ch01/ac-assembly-dereference/src/main.rs

fn main() {
    let...

Interrupts, firmware, and I/O

We’re nearing the end of the general CS subjects in this book, and we’ll start to dig our way out of the rabbit hole soon.

This part tries to tie things together and look at how the whole computer works as a system to handle I/O and concurrency.

Let’s get to it!

A simplified overview

Let’s look at some of the steps where we imagine that we read from a network card:

Remember that we’re simplifying a lot here. This is a rather complex operation but we’ll focus on the parts that are of most interest to us and skip a few steps along the way.

Step 1 – Our code

We register a socket. This happens by issuing a syscall to the OS. Depending on the OS, we either get a file descriptor (macOS/Linux) or a socket (Windows).

The next step is that we register our interest in Read events on that socket.

Step 2 – Registering events with the OS

This is handled in...

Summary

This chapter covered a lot of ground, so good job on doing all that legwork. We learned a little bit about how CPUs and operating systems have evolved from a historical perspective and the difference between non-preemptive and preemptive multitasking. We discussed the difference between concurrency and parallelism, talked about the role of the operating system, and learned that system calls are the primary way for us to interact with the host operating system. You’ve also seen how the CPU and the operating system cooperate through an infrastructure designed as part of the CPU.

Lastly, we went through a diagram on what happens when you issue a network call. You know there are at least three different ways for us to deal with the fact that the I/O call takes some time to execute, and we have to decide which way we want to handle that waiting time.

This covers most of the general background information we need so that we have the same definitions and overview before...

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Key benefits

  • Master asynchronous Rust through examples focusing on key concepts
  • Build a solid understanding of concepts such as coroutines, fibers, futures, and callbacks
  • Explore Rust's futures, craft your own runtime, and excel in handling stacks, ABIs, syscalls, and inline assembly
  • Purchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF eBook

Description

Step into the world of asynchronous programming with confidence by conquering the challenges of unclear concepts with this hands-on guide. Using functional examples, this book simplifies the trickiest concepts, exploring goroutines, fibers, futures, and callbacks to help you navigate the vast Rust async ecosystem with ease. You’ll start by building a solid foundation in asynchronous programming and explore diverse strategies for modeling program flow. The book then guides you through concepts like epoll, coroutines, green threads, and callbacks using practical examples. The final section focuses on Rust, examining futures, generators, and the reactor-executor pattern. You’ll apply your knowledge to create your own runtime, solidifying expertise in this dynamic domain. Throughout the book, you’ll not only gain proficiency in Rust's async features but also see how Rust models asynchronous program flow. By the end of the book, you'll possess the knowledge and practical skills needed to actively contribute to the Rust async ecosystem.

Who is this book for?

This book is for programmers who want to enhance their understanding of asynchronous programming, especially those experienced in VM’ed or interpreted languages like C#, Java, Python, JavaScript, and Go. If you work with C or C++ but have had limited exposure to asynchronous programming, this book serves as a resource to broaden your knowledge in this area. Although the examples are predominantly in Rust, the intricacies of Rust’s futures are covered in detail. So, anyone with a keen interest in learning Rust or with working knowledge of Rust will be able to get the most out of this book.

What you will learn

  • Explore the essence of asynchronous program flow and its significance
  • Understand the difference between concurrency and parallelism
  • Gain insights into how computers and operating systems handle concurrent tasks
  • Uncover the mechanics of async/await
  • Understand Rust's futures by implementing them yourself
  • Implement green threads from scratch to thoroughly understand them
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Table of Contents

15 Chapters
Part 1:Asynchronous Programming Fundamentals Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 1: Concurrency and Asynchronous Programming: a Detailed Overview Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 2: How Programming Languages Model Asynchronous Program Flow Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 3: Understanding OS-Backed Event Queues, System Calls, and Cross-Platform Abstractions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Part 2:Event Queues and Green Threads Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 4: Create Your Own Event Queue Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 5: Creating Our Own Fibers Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Part 3:Futures and async/await in Rust Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 6: Futures in Rust Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 7: Coroutines and async/await Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 8: Runtimes, Wakers, and the Reactor-Executor Pattern Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 9: Coroutines, Self-Referential Structs, and Pinning Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 10: Creating Your Own Runtime Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Index Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

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Delving into Asynchronous Programming with Rust” by Carl Fredrik Samson provides an accessible and thorough exploration of asynchronous programming concepts tailored for Rust developers. Samson adeptly navigates through the intricacies of futures and green threads, offering practical examples and clear explanations. What sets this book apart is its emphasis on real-world applications, making it a valuable resource for developers seeking to enhance their understanding of asynchronous programming in Rust. Whether you’re a newcomer or a seasoned Rustacean, Samson’s insights and techniques will undoubtedly empower you to write efficient, scalable code that leverages Rust’s asynchronous capabilities to the fullest.
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Allen Wyma Mar 20, 2024
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Async in Rust is a must-do now-a-days. this book goes very deep into the topic and great for those who want to do any Rust programs. This is the ultimate guide for that!
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