IPython and Jupyter notebook

In 2001, Fernando Perez was a graduate student in physics at CU Boulder, and was trying to improve the Python shell so that he could have some niceties like those he was used to when he was working with tools such as Mathematica and Maple. The result of that effort took the name IPython.

In a nutshell, that small script began as an enhanced version of the Python shell and, through the effort of other coders and eventually proper funding from several different companies, it became the wonderful and successful project it is today. Some 10 years after its birth, a notebook environment was created, powered by technologies like WebSockets, the Tornado web server, jQuery, CodeMirror, and MathJax. The ZeroMQ library was also used to handle the messages between the notebook interface and the Python core that lies behind it.

The IPython notebook has become so popular and widely used that eventually, all sorts of goodies have been added to it. It can handle widgets, parallel...