A refresher on deep learning

Neural networks are a sub-type of machine learning methods that are inspired by the structure and function of the biological brain, such as the biological neuron shown in Figure 1.2. In neural networks, each computational unit, analogically called a neuron, is connected to other neurons in a layered fashion. When the number of such layers is more than two, the neural network thus formed is called a Deep Neural Network (DNN). Such models are generally called deep learning models.

Figure 1.2: Artificial neuron inspired by biological neuron. (Biological neuron image by: https://pixabay.com/users/clker-free-vector-images-3736)

Deep learning models have been proven superior to other classical machine learning models because of their ability to learn highly complex relationships between input data and the output (ground truth). In recent times, deep learning has gained a lot of attention, and rightly so, primarily because of the following two reasons...