How-To Tutorials - Front-End Web Development

This article by Minko Gechev, the author of the book Getting Started with Angular - Second Edition, will help you understand what is required for the development of a new version of Angular from scratch and why its new features make intuitive sense for the modern Web in building high-performance, scalable, single-page applications. Some of the topics that we'll discuss are as follows: Semantic versioning and what chances to expect from Angular 2, 3, 5 and so on. How the evolution of the Web influenced the development of Angular. What lessons we learned from using Angular 1 in the wild for the last a couple of years. What TypeScript is and why it is a better choice for building scalable single-page applications than JavaScript. (For more resources related to this topic, see here.) Angular adopted semantic versioning so before going any further let's make an overview of what this actually means. Angular and semver Angular 1 was rewritten from scratch and replaced with its successor, Angular 2. A lot of us were bothered by this big step, which didn't allow us to have a smooth transition between these two versions of the framework. Right after Angular 2 got stable, Google announced that they want to follow the so called semantic versioning (also known as semver). Semver defines the version of given software project as the triple X.Y.Z, where Z is called patch version, Y is called minor version, and X is called major version. A change in the patch version means that there are no intended breaking changes between two versions of the same project but only bug fixes. The minor version of a project will be incremented when new functionality is introduced, and there are no breaking changes. Finally, the major version will be increased when in the API are introduced incompatible changes. This means that between versions 2.3.1 and 2.10.4, there are no introduced breaking changes but only a few added features and bug fixes. However, if we have version 2.10.4 and we want to change any of the already existing public APIs in a backward-incompatible manner (for instance, change the order of the parameters that a method accepts), we need to increment the major version, and reset the patch and minor versions, so we will get version 3.0.0. The Angular team also follows a strict schedule. According to it, a new patch version needs to be introduced every week; there should be three monthly minor release after each major release, and finally, one major release every six months. This means that by the end of 2018, we will have at least Angular 6. However, this doesn't mean that every six months we'll have to go through the same migration path like we did between Angular 1 and Angular 2. Not every major release will introduce breaking changes that are going to impact our projects . For instance, support for newer version of TypeScript or change of the last optional argument of a method will be considered as a breaking change. We can think of these breaking changes in a way similar to that happened between Angular 1.2 and Angular 1.3. We'll refer to Angular 2 as either Angular 2 or only Angular. If we explicitly mention Angular 2, this doesn't mean that the given paragraph will not be valid for Angular 4 or Angular 5; it most likely will. In case you're interested to know what are the changes between different versions of the framework, you can take a look at the changelog at https://github.com/angular/angular/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md. If we're discussing Angular 1, we will be more explicit by mentioning a version number, or the context will make it clear that we're talking about a particular version. Now that we introduced the Angular's semantic versioning and conventions for referring to the different versions of the framework, we can officially start our journey! The evolution of the Web - time for a new framework In the past couple of years, the Web has evolved in big steps. During the implementation of ECMAScript 5, the ECMAScript 6 standard started its development (now known as ECMAScript 2015 or ES2015). ES2015 introduced many changes in JavaScript, such as adding built-in language support for modules, block scope variable definition, and a lot of syntactical sugar, such as classes and destructuring. Meanwhile, Web Components were invented. Web Components allow us to define custom HTML elements and attach behavior to them. Since it is hard to extend the existing set of HTML elements with new ones (such as dialogs, charts, grids, and more), mostly because of the time required for consolidation and standardization of their APIs, a better solution is to allow developers to extend the existing elements the way they want. Web Components provide us with a number of benefits, including better encapsulation, the better semantics of the markup we produce, better modularity, and easier communication between developers and designers. We know that JavaScript is a single-threaded language. Initially, it was developed for simple client-side scripting, but over time, its role has shifted quite a bit. Now, with HTML5, we have different APIs that allow audio and video processing, communication with external services through a two-directional communication channel, transferring and processing big chunks of raw data, and more. All these heavy computations in the main thread may create a poor user experience. They may introduce freezing of the user interface when time-consuming computations are being performed. This led to the development of WebWorkers, which allow the execution of the scripts in the background that communicate with the main thread through message passing. This way, multithreaded programming was brought to the browser. Some of these APIs were introduced after the development of Angular 1 had begun; that's why the framework wasn't built with most of them in mind. Taking advantage of the APIs gives developers many benefits, such as the following: Significant performance improvements Development of software with better quality characteristics Now, let's briefly discuss how each of these technologies has been made part of the new Angular core and why. The evolution of ECMAScript Nowadays, browser vendors are releasing new features in short iterations, and users receive updates quite often. This helps developers take advantage of bleeding-edge Web technologies. ES2015 that is already standardized. The implementation of the latest version of the language has already started in the major browsers. Learning the new syntax and taking advantage of it will not only increase our productivity as developers but also will prepare us for the near future when all the browsers will have full support for it. This makes it essential to start using the latest syntax now. Some projects' requirements may enforce us to support older browsers, which do not support any ES2015 features. In this case, we can directly write ECMAScript 5, which has different syntax but equivalent semantics to ES2015. On the other hand, a better approach will be to take advantage of the process of transpilation. Using a transpiler in our build process allows us to take advantage of the new syntax by writing ES2015 and translating it to a target language that is supported by the browsers. Angular has been around since 2009. Back then, the frontend of most websites was powered by ECMAScript 3, the last main release of ECMAScript before ECMAScript 5. This automatically meant that the language used for the framework's implementation was ECMAScript 3. Taking advantage of the new version of the language requires porting of the entirety of Angular 1 to ES2015. From the beginning, Angular 2 took into account the current state of the Web by bringing the latest syntax in the framework. Although new Angular is written with a superset of ES2016 (TypeScript), it allows developers to use a language of their own preference. We can use ES2015, or if we prefer not to have any intermediate preprocessing of our code and simplify the build process, we can even use ECMAScript 5. Note that if we use JavaScript for our Angular applications we cannot use Ahead-of-Time (AoT) compilation. Web Components The first public draft of Web Components was published on May 22, 2012, about three years after the release of Angular 1. As mentioned, the Web Components standard allows us to create custom elements and attach behavior to them. It sounds familiar; we've already used a similar concept in the development of the user interface in Angular 1 applications. Web Components sound like an alternative to Angular directives; however, they have a more intuitive API and built-in browser support. They introduced a few other benefits, such as better encapsulation, which is very important, for example, in handling CSS-style collisions. A possible strategy for adding Web Components support in Angular 1 is to change the directives implementation and introduce primitives of the new standard in the DOM compiler. As Angular developers, we know how powerful but also complex the directives API is. It includes a lot of properties, such as postLink, preLink, compile, restrict, scope, controller, and much more, and of course, our favorite transclude. Approved as standard, Web Components will be implemented on a much lower level in the browsers, which introduces plenty of benefits, such as better performance and native API. During the implementation of Web Components, a lot of web specialists met with the same problems the Angular team did when developing the directives API and came up with similar ideas. Good design decisions behind Web Components include the content element, which deals with the infamous transclusion problem in Angular 1. Since both the directives API and Web Components solve similar problems in different ways, keeping the directives API on top of Web Components would have been redundant and added unnecessary complexity. That's why, the Angular core team decided to start from the beginning by building a framework compatible with Web Components and taking full advantage of the new standard. Web Components involve new features; some of them were not yet implemented by all browsers. In case our application is run in a browser, which does not support any of these features natively, Angular emulates them. An example for this is the content element polyfilled with the ng-content directive. WebWorkers JavaScript is known for its event loop. Usually, JavaScript programs are executed in a single thread and different events are scheduled by being pushed in a queue and processed sequentially, in the order of their arrival. However, this computational strategy is not effective when one of the scheduled events requires a lot of computational time. In such cases, the event's handling will block the main thread, and all other events will not be handled until the time-consuming computation is complete and passes the execution to the next one in the queue. A simple example of this is a mouse click that triggers an event, in which callback we do some audio processing using the HTML5 audio API. If the processed audio track is big and the algorithm running over it is heavy, this will affect the user's experience by freezing the UI until the execution is complete. The WebWorker API was introduced in order to prevent such pitfalls. It allows execution of heavy computations inside the context of a different thread, which leaves the main thread of execution free, capable of handling user input and rendering the user interface. How can we take advantage of this in Angular? In order to answer this question, let's think about how things work in Angular 1. What if we have an enterprise application, which processes a huge amount of data that needs to be rendered on the screen using data binding? For each binding, the framework will create a new watcher. Once the digest loop is run, it will loop over all the watchers, execute the expressions associated with them, and compare the returned results with the results gained from the previous iteration. We have a few slowdowns here: The iteration over a large number of watchers The evaluation of the expression in a given context The copy of the returned result The comparison between the current result of the expression's evaluation and the previous one All these steps could be quite slow, depending on the size of the input. If the digest loop involves heavy computations, why not move it to a WebWorker? Why not run the digest loop inside WebWorker, get the changed bindings, and then apply them to the DOM? There were experiments by the community, which aimed for this result. However, their integration into the framework wasn't trivial. One of the main reasons behind the lack of satisfying results was the coupling of the framework with the DOM. Often, inside the watchers' callbacks, Angular 1 directly manipulates the DOM, which makes it impossible to move the watchers inside WebWorkers since the WebWorkers are invoked in an isolated context, without access to the DOM. In Angular 1, we may have implicit or explicit dependencies between the different watchers, which require multiple iterations of the digest loop in order to get stable results. Combining the last two points, it is quite hard to achieve practical results in calculating the changes in threads other than the main thread of execution. Fixing this in Angular 1 introduces a great deal of complexity in the internal implementation. The framework simply was not built with this in mind. Since WebWorkers were introduced before the Angular 2 design process started, the core team took them into mind from the beginning. Lessons learned from Angular 1 in the wild It's important to remember that we're not starting completely from scratch. We're taking what we've learned from Angular 1 with us. In the period since 2009, the Web is not the only thing that evolved. We also started building more and more complex applications. Today, single-page applications are not something exotic, but more like a strict requirement for all the web applications solving business problems, which are aiming for high performance and a good user experience. Angular 1 helped us to efficiently build large-scale, single-page applications. However, by applying it in various use cases, we've also discovered some of its pitfalls. Learning from the community's experience, Angular's core team worked on new ideas aiming to answer the new requirements. Controllers Angular 1 follows the Model View Controller (MVC) micro-architectural pattern. Some may argue that it looks more like Model View ViewModel (MVVM) because of the view model attached as properties to the scope or the current context in case of "controller as syntax". It could be approached differently again, if we use the Model View Presenter pattern (MVP). Because of all the different variations of how we can structure the logic in our applications, the core team called Angular 1 a Model View Whatever (MVW) framework. The view in any Angular 1 application is supposed to be a composition of directives. The directives collaborate together in order to deliver fully functional user interfaces. Services are responsible for encapsulating the business logic of the applications. That's the place where we should put the communication with RESTful services through HTTP, real-time communication with WebSockets and even WebRTC. Services are the building block where we should implement the domain models and business rules of our applications. There's one more component, which is mostly responsible for handling user input and delegating the execution to the services--the controller. Although the services and directives have well-defined roles, we can often see the anti-pattern of the Massive View Controller, which is common in iOS applications. Occasionally, developers are tempted to access or even manipulate the DOM directly from their controllers. Initially, this happens while you want to achieve something simple, such as changing the size of an element, or quick and dirty changing elements' styles. Another noticeable anti-pattern is the duplication of the business logic across controllers. Often developers tend to copy and paste logic, which should be encapsulated inside services. The best practices for building Angular 1 applications state is that the controllers should not manipulate the DOM at all, instead, all DOM access and manipulations should be isolated in directives. If we have some repetitive logic between controllers, most likely we want to encapsulate it into a service and inject this service with the dependency injection mechanism of Angular in all the controllers that need that functionality. This is where we're coming from in Angular 1. All this said, it seems that the functionality of controllers could be moved into the directive's controllers. Since directives support the dependency injection API, after receiving the user's input, we can directly delegate the execution to a specific service, already injected. This is the main reason why now Angular uses a different approach by removing the ability to put controllers everywhere by using the ng-controller directive. Scope Data-binding in Angular 1 is achieved using the scope object. We can attach properties to it and explicitly declare in the template that we want to bind to these properties (one- or two-way). Although the idea of the scope seems clear, it has two more responsibilities, including event dispatching and the change detection-related behavior. Angular beginners have a hard time understanding what scope really is and how it should be used. Angular 1.2 introduced something called controller as syntax. It allows us to add properties to the current context inside the given controller (this), instead of explicitly injecting the scope object and later adding properties to it. This simplified syntax can be demonstrated through the following snippet: <div ng-controller="MainCtrl as main"> <button ng-click="main.clicked()">Click</button> </div> function MainCtrl() { this.name = 'Foobar'; } MainCtrl.prototype.clicked = function () { alert('You clicked me!'); }; The latest Angular took this even further by removing the scope object. All the expressions are evaluated in the context of the given UI component. Removing the entire scope API introduces higher simplicity; we don't need to explicitly inject it anymore, instead we add properties to the UI components to which we can later bind. This API feels much simpler and more natural. Dependency injection Maybe the first framework on the market that included inversion of control (IoC) through dependency injection (DI) in the JavaScript world was Angular 1. DI provides a number of benefits, such as easier testability, better code organization and modularization, and simplicity. Although the DI in the first version of the framework does an amazing job, Angular 2 took this even further. Since latest Angular is on top of the latest Web standards, it uses the ECMAScript 2016 decorators' syntax for annotating the code for using DI. Decorators are quite similar to the decorators in Python or annotations in Java. They allow us to decorate the behavior of a given object, or add metadata to it, using reflection. Since decorators are not yet standardized and supported by major browsers, their usage requires an intermediate transpilation step; however, if you don't want to take it, you can directly write a little bit more verbose code with ECMAScript 5 syntax and achieve the same semantics. The new DI is much more flexible and feature-rich. It also fixes some of the pitfalls of Angular 1, such as the different APIs; in the first version of the framework, some objects are injected by position (such as the scope, element, attributes, and controller in the directives' link function) and others, by name (using parameters names in controllers, directives, services, and filters). Server-side rendering The bigger the requirements of the Web are, the more complex the web applications become. Building a real-life, single-page application requires writing a huge amount of JavaScript, and including all the required external libraries may increase the size of the scripts on our page to a few megabytes. The initialization of the application may take up to several seconds or even tens of seconds on mobile until all the resources get fetched from the server, the JavaScript is parsed and executed, the page gets rendered, and all the styles are applied. On low-end mobile devices that use a mobile Internet connection, this process may make the users give up on visiting our application. Although there are a few practices that speed up this process, in complex applications, there's no silver bullet. In the process of trying to improve the user experience, developers discovered something called server-side rendering. It allows us to render the requested view of a single-page application on the server and directly provide the HTML for the page to the user. Later, once all the resources are processed, the event listeners and bindings can be added by the script files. This sounds like a good way to boost the performance of our application. One of the pioneers in this was React, which allowed prerendering of the user interface on the server side using Node.js DOM implementations. Unfortunately, the architecture of Angular 1 does not allow this. The showstopper is the strong coupling between the framework and the browser APIs, the same issue we had in running the change detection in WebWorkers. Another typical use case for the server-side rendering is for building Search Engine Optimization (SEO)-friendly applications. There were a couple of hacks used in the past for making the Angular 1 applications indexable by the search engines. One such practice, for instance, is the traversal of the application with a headless browser, which executes the scripts on each page and caches the rendered output into HTML files, making it accessible by the search engines. Although this workaround for building SEO-friendly applications works, server-side rendering solves both of the above-mentioned issues, improving the user experience and allowing us to build SEO-friendly applications much more easily and far more elegantly. The decoupling of Angular with the DOM allows us to run our Angular applications outside the context of the browser. Applications that scale MVW has been the default choice for building single-page applications since Backbone.js appeared. It allows separation of concerns by isolating the business logic from the view, allowing us to build well-designed applications. Taking advantage of the observer pattern, MVW allows listening for model changes in the view and updating it when changes are detected. However, there are some explicit and implicit dependencies between these event handlers, which make the data flow in our applications not obvious and hard to reason about. In Angular 1, we are allowed to have dependencies between the different watchers, which requires the digest loop to iterate over all of them a couple of times until the expressions' results get stable. The new Angular makes the data flow one-directional; this has a number of benefits: More explicit data flow. No dependencies between bindings, so no time to live (TTL) of the digest. Better performance of the framework: The digest loop is run only once. We can create apps, which are friendly to immutable or observable models, that allows us to make further optimizations. The change in the data flow introduces one more fundamental change in Angular 1 architecture. We may take another perspective on this problem when we need to maintain a large codebase written in JavaScript. Although JavaScript's duck typing makes the language quite flexible, it also makes its analysis and support by IDEs and text editors harder. Refactoring of large projects gets very hard and error-prone because in most cases, the static analysis and type inference are impossible. The lack of compiler makes typos all too easy, which are hard to notice until we run our test suite or run the application. The Angular core team decided to use TypeScript because of the better tooling possible with it and the compile-time type checking, which help us to be more productive and less error-prone. As the following diagram shows, TypeScript is a superset of ECMAScript; it introduces explicit type annotations and a compiler:  Figure 1 The TypeScript language is compiled to plain JavaScript, supported by today's browsers. Since version 1.6, TypeScript implements the ECMAScript 2016 decorators, which makes it the perfect choice for Angular. The usage of TypeScript allows much better IDE and text editors' support with static code analysis and type checking. All this increases our productivity dramatically by reducing the mistakes we make and simplifying the refactoring process. Another important benefit of TypeScript is the performance improvement we implicitly get by the static typing, which allows runtime optimizations by the JavaScript virtual machine. Templates Templates are one of the key features in Angular 1. They are simple HTML and do not require any intermediate translation, unlike most template engines, such as mustache. Templates in Angular combine simplicity with power by allowing us to extend HTML by creating an internal domain-specific language (DSL) inside it, with custom elements and attributes. This is one of the main purposes of Web Components as well. We already mentioned how and why Angular takes advantage of this new technology. Although Angular 1 templates are great, they can still get better! The new Angular templates took the best parts of the ones in the previous release of the framework and enhanced them by fixing some of their confusing parts. For example, let's say we have a directive and we want to allow the user to pass a property to it using an attribute. In Angular 1, we can approach this in the following three different ways: <user name="literal"></user> <user name="expression"></user> <user name="{{interpolate}}"></user> In the user directive, we pass the name property using three different approaches. We can either pass a literal (in this case, the string "literal"), a string, which will be evaluated as an expression (in our case "expression"), or an expression inside, {{ }}. Which syntax should be used completely depends on the directive's implementation, which makes its API tangled and hard to remember. It is a frustrating task to deal with a large amount of components with different design decisions on a daily basis. By introducing a common convention, we can handle such problems. However, in order to have good results and consistent APIs, the entire community needs to agree with it. The new Angular deals with this problem by providing special syntax for attributes, whose values need to be evaluated in the context of the current component, and a different syntax for passing literals. Another thing we're used to, based on our Angular 1 experience, is the microsyntax in template directives, such as ng-if and ng-for. For instance, if we want to iterate over a list of users and display their names in Angular 1, we can use: <div ng-for="user in users">{{user.name}}</div> Although this syntax looks intuitive to us, it allows limited tooling support. However, Angular 2 approached this differently by bringing a little bit more explicit syntax with richer semantics: <template ngFor let-user [ngForOf]="users"> {{user.name}} </template> The preceding snippet explicitly defines the property, which has to be created in the context of the current iteration (user), the one we iterate over (users). Since this syntax is too verbose for typing, developers can use the following syntax, which later gets translated to the more verbose one: <li *ngFor="let user of users"> {{user.name}} </li> The improvements in the new templates will also allow better tooling for advanced support by text editors and IDEs. Change detection We already mentioned the opportunity to run the digest loop in the context of a different thread, instantiated as WebWorker. However, the implementation of the digest loop in Angular 1 is not quite memory-efficient and prevents the JavaScript virtual machine from doing further code optimizations, which allows significant performance improvements. One such optimization is the inline caching ( http://mrale.ph/blog/2012/06/03/explaining-js-vms-in-js-inline-caches.html ). The Angular team did a lot of research in order to discover different ways the performance and the efficiency of the change detection could be improved. This led to the development of a brand new change detection mechanism. As a result, Angular performs change detection in code that the framework directly generates from the components' templates. The code is generated by the Angular compiler. There are two built-in code generation (also known as compilation) strategies: Just-in-Time (JiT) compilation: At runtime, Angular generates code that performs change detection on the entire application. The generated code is optimized for the JavaScript virtual machine, which provides a great performance boost. Ahead-of-Time (AoT) compilation: Similar to JiT with the difference that the code is being generated as part of the application's build process. It can be used for speeding the rendering up by not performing the compilation in the browser and also in environments that disallow eval(), such as CSP (Content-Security-Policy) and Chrome extensions. Summary In this article, we considered the main reasons behind the decisions taken by the Angular core team and the lack of backward compatibility between the last two major versions of the framework. We saw that these decisions were fueled by two things--the evolution of the Web and the evolution of the frontend development, with the lessons learned from the development of Angular 1 applications. We learned why we need to use the latest version of the JavaScript language, why to take advantage of Web Components and WebWorkers, and why it's not worth it to integrate all these powerful tools in version 1. We observed the current direction of frontend development and the lessons learned in the last few years. We described why the controller and scope were removed from Angular 2, and why Angular 1's architecture was changed in order to allow server-side rendering for SEO-friendly, high-performance, single-page applications. Another fundamental topic we took a look at was building large-scale applications, and how that motivated single-way data flow in the framework and the choice of the statically typed language, TypeScript. The new Angular reuses some of the naming of the concepts introduced by Angular 1, but generally changes the building blocks of our single-page applications completely. We will take a peek at the new concepts and compare them with the ones in the previous version of the framework. We'll make a quick introduction to modules, directives, components, routers, pipes, and services, and describe how they could be combined for building classy, single-page applications. Resources for Article: Further resources on this subject: Angular.js in a Nutshell [article] Angular's component architecture [article] AngularJS Performance [article]

In Part 1 of this series, I covered the full environment and everything you need to start creating your own React Native applications. Now here in Part 2, we are going to dig in and go over the tools that you can take advantage of for maintaining those React Native apps. Maintaining the application Maintaining a React Native application, just like any software, is very complex and requires a lot of organization. In addition to having strict code (a good syntax with eslint or a good understanding of the code with flow), you must have intelligent code, and you must organize your files, filenames, and variables. It is necessary to have solutions for the maintenance of the application in the long term as well as have tools that provide feedback. Here are some tools that we use, which should be in place early in the cycle of your React Native development. GitHub GitHub is a fantastic tool, but you need to know how to control it. In my company, we have our own Git flow with a Dev branch, a master branch, release branches, bugs and other useful branches. It's up to you to make your own flow for Git! One of the most important things is the Pull Request, or the PR! And if there are many people on your project, it is important for your group to agree on the organization of the code. BugTracker & Tooling We use many tools in my team, but here is our Must-Have list to maintain the application: circleCI: This is a continuous integration tool that we integrate with GitHub. It allows us to pass recurrent tests with each new commit. BugSnag: This is a bug tracking tool that can be used in a React Native integration, which makes it possible to raise user bugs by the webs without the user noticing it. codePush: This is useful for deploying code on versions already in production. And yes, you can change business code while the application is already in production. I do not pay much attention to it, yet the states of applications (Debug, Beta, and Production) are a big part that has to be treated because it is a workset to have for quality work and a long application life. We also have quality assurance in our company, which allows us to validate a product before it is set up, which provides a regular process of putting a React Native app into production. As you can see, there are many tools that will help you maintain a React Native mobile application. Despite the youthfulness of the product, the community grows quickly and developers are excited about creating apps. There are more and more large companies using React Native, such as AirBnB , Wix, Microsoft, and many others. And with the technology growing and improving, there are more and more new tools and integrations coming to React Native. I hope this series has helped you create and maintain your own React Native applications. Here is a summary of the tools covered: Atom is a text editor that's modern, approachable, yet hackable to the core—a tool that you can customize to do anything, but you also need to use it productively without ever touching a config file. GitHub is a web-based Git repository hosting service. CircleCI is a modern continuous integration and delivery platform that software teams love to use. BugSnag monitors application errors to improve customer experiences and code quality. react-native-code-push is a plugin that provides client-side integration, allowing you to easily add a dynamic update experience to your React Native app. About the author Pierre Monge (liroo.pierre@gmail.com) is a 21-year-old student. He is a developer in C, JavaScript, and all things web development, and he has recently been creating mobile applications. He is currently working as an intern at a company named Azendoo, where he is developing a 100% React Native application.

In this article by Olga Filipova, the author of the book Learning Vue.js 2, explores the key concepts of Vue.js framework to understand all its behind the scenes. Also in this article, we will analyze all possible ways of installing Vue.js. We will also learn the ways of debugging and testing our applications. (For more resources related to this topic, see here.) So, in this article we are going to learn: What is MVVM architecture paradigm and how does it apply to Vue.js How to install, start, run, and debug Vue application MVVM architectural pattern Do you remember how to create the Vue instance? We were instantiating it calling new Vue({…}). You also remember that in the options we were passing the element on the page where this Vue instance should be bound and the data object that contained properties we wanted to bind to our view. The data object is our model and DOM element where Vue instance is bound is view. Classic View-Model representation where Vue instance binds one to another In the meantime, our Vue instance is something that helps to bind our model to the View and vice-versa. Our application thus follows Model-View-ViewModel (MVVM) pattern where the Vue instance is a ViewModel. The simplified diagram of Model View ViewModel pattern Our Model contains data and some business logic, our View is responsible for its representation. ViewModel handles data binding ensuring the data changed in the Model is immediately affecting the View layer and vice-versa. Our Views thus become completely data-driven. ViewModel becomes responsible for the control of data flow, making data binding fully declarative for us. Installing, using, and debugging a Vue.js application In this section, we will analyze all possible ways of installing Vue.js. We will also create a skeleton for our. We will also learn the ways of debugging and testing our applications. Installing Vue.js There are a number of ways to install Vue.js. Starting from classic including the downloaded script into HTML within <script> tags, using tools like bower, npm, or Vue's command-line interface (vue-cli) to bootstrap the whole application. Let's have a look at all these methods and choose our favorite. In all these examples we will just show a header on a page saying Learning Vue.js. Standalone Download the vue.js file. There are two versions, minified and developer version. The development version is here: https://vuejs.org/js/vue.js. The minified version is here: https://vuejs.org/js/vue.min.js. If you are developing, make sure you use the development non-minified version of Vue. You will love nice tips and warnings on the console. Then just include vue.js in the script tags: <script src=“vue.js”></script> Vue is registered in the global variable. You are ready to use it. Our example will then look as simple as the following: <div id="app"> <h1>{{ message }}</h1> </div> <script src="vue.js"></script> <script> var data = { message: "Learning Vue.js" }; new Vue({ el: "#app", data: data }); </script> CDN Vue.js is available in the following CDN's: jsdelivr: https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/vue/1.0.25/vue.min.js cdnjs: https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/vue/1.0.25/vue.min.js npmcdn: https://npmcdn.com/vue@1.0.25/dist/vue.min.js Just put the url in source in the script tag and you are ready to use Vue! <script src=“ https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/vue/1.0.25/vue.min.js”></script> Beware so, the CDN version might not be synchronized with the latest available version of Vue. Thus, the example will look like exactly the same as in the standalone version, but instead of using downloaded file in the <script> tags, we are using a CDN URL. Bower If you are already managing your application with bower and don't want to use other tools, there's also a bower distribution of Vue. Just call bower install: # latest stable release bower install vue Our example will look exactly like the two previous examples, but it will include the file from the bower folder: <script src=“bower_components/vue/dist/vue.js”></script> CSP-compliant CSP (content security policy) is a security standard that provides a set of rules that must be obeyed by the application in order to prevent security attacks. If you are developing applications for browsers, more likely you know pretty well about this policy! For the environments that require CSP-compliant scripts, there’s a special version of Vue.js here: https://github.com/vuejs/vue/tree/csp/dist Let’s do our example as a Chrome application to see the CSP compliant vue.js in action! Start from creating a folder for our application example. The most important thing in a Chrome application is the manifest.json file which describes your application. Let’s create it. It should look like the following: { "manifest_version": 2, "name": "Learning Vue.js", "version": "1.0", "minimum_chrome_version": "23", "icons": { "16": "icon_16.png", "128": "icon_128.png" }, "app": { "background": { "scripts": ["main.js"] } } } The next step is to create our main.js file which will be the entry point for the Chrome application. The script should listen for the application launching and open a new window with given sizes. Let’s create a window of 500x300 size and open it with index.html: chrome.app.runtime.onLaunched.addListener(function() { // Center the window on the screen. var screenWidth = screen.availWidth; var screenHeight = screen.availHeight; var width = 500; var height = 300; chrome.app.window.create("index.html", { id: "learningVueID", outerBounds: { width: width, height: height, left: Math.round((screenWidth-width)/2), top: Math.round((screenHeight-height)/2) } }); }); At this point the Chrome specific application magic is over and now we shall just create our index.html file that will do the same thing as in the previous examples. It will include the vue.js file and our script where we will initialize our Vue application: <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Vue.js - CSP-compliant</title> </head> <body> <div id="app"> <h1>{{ message }}</h1> </div> <script src="assets/vue.js"></script> <script src="assets/app.js"></script> </body> </html> Download the CSP-compliant version of vue.js and add it to the assets folder. Now let’s create the app.js file and add the code that we already wrote added several times: var data = { message: "Learning Vue.js" }; new Vue({ el: "#app", data: data }); Add it to the assets folder. Do not forget to create two icons of 16 and 128 pixels and call them icon_16.png and icon_128.png. Your code and structure in the end should look more or less like the following: Structure and code for the sample Chrome application using vue.js And now the most important thing. Let’s check if it works! It is very very simple. Go to chrome://extensions/ url in your Chrome browser. Check Developer mode checkbox. Click on Load unpacked extension... and check the folder that we’ve just created. Your app will appear in the list! Now just open a new tab, click on apps, and check that your app is there. Click on it! Sample Chrome application using vue.js in the list of chrome apps Congratulations! You have just created a Chrome application! NPM NPM installation method is recommended for large-scale applications. Just run npm install vue: # latest stable release npm install vue # latest stable CSP-compliant release npm install vue@csp And then require it: var Vue = require(“vue”); Or, for ES2015 lovers: import Vue from “vue”; Our HTML in our example will look exactly like in the previous examples: <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Vue.js - NPM Installation</title> </head> <body> <div id="app"> <h1>{{ message }}</h1> </div> <script src="main.js"></script> </body> </html> Now let’s create a script.js file that will look almost exactly the same as in standalone or CDN version with only difference that it will require vue.js: var Vue = require("vue"); var data = { message: "Learning Vue.js" }; new Vue({ el: "#app", data: data }); Let’s install vue and browserify in order to be able to compile our script.js into the main.js file: npm install vue –-save-dev npm install browserify –-save-dev In the package.json file add also a script for build that will execute browserify on script.js transpiling it into main.js. So our package.json file will look like this: { "name": "learningVue", "scripts": { "build": "browserify script.js -o main.js" }, "version": "0.0.1", "devDependencies": { "browserify": "^13.0.1", "vue": "^1.0.25" } } Now run: npm install npm run build And open index.html in the browser. I have a friend that at this point would say something like: really? So many steps, installations, commands, explanations… Just to output some header? I’m out! If you are also thinking this, wait. Yes, this is true, now we’ve done something really simple in a rather complex way, but if you stay with me a bit longer, you will see how complex things become easy to implement if we use the proper tools. Also, do not forget to check your Pomodoro timer, maybe it’s time to take a rest! Vue-cli Vue provides its own command line interface that allows bootstrapping single page applications using whatever workflows you want. It immediately provides hot reloading and structure for test driven environment. After installing vue-cli just run vue init <desired boilerplate> <project-name> and then just install and run! # install vue-cli $ npm install -g vue-cli # create a new project $ vue init webpack learn-vue # install and run $ cd learn-vue $ npm install $ npm run dev Now open your browser on localhost:8080. You just used vue-cli to scaffold your application. Let’s adapt it to our example. Open a source folder. In the src folder you will find an App.vue file. Do you remember we talked about Vue components that are like bricks from which you build your application? Do you remember that we were creating them and registering inside our main script file and I mentioned that we will learn to build components in more elegant way? Congratulations, you are looking at the component built in a fancy way! Find the line that says import Hello from './components/Hello'. This is exactly how the components are being reused inside other components. Have a look at the template at the top of the component file. At some point it contains the tag <hello></hello>. This is exactly where in our HTML file will appear the Hello component. Have a look at this component, it is in the src/components folder. As you can see, it contains a template with {{ msg }} and a script that exports data with defined msg. This is exactly the same what we were doing in our previous examples without using components. Let’s slightly modify the code to make it the same as in the previous examples. In the Hello.vue file change the msg in data object: <script> export default { data () { return { msg: “Learning Vue.js” } } } </script> In the App.vue component remove everything from the template except the hello tag, so the template looks like this: <template> <div id="app"> <hello></hello> </div> </template> Now if you rerun the application you will see our example with beautiful styles we didn’t touch: vue application bootstrapped using vue-cli Besides webpack boilerplate template you can use the following configurations with your vue-cli: webpack-simple: A simple Webpack + vue-loader setup for quick prototyping. browserify: A full-featured Browserify + vueify setup with hot-reload, linting and unit testing. browserify-simple: A simple Browserify + vueify setup for quick prototyping. simple: The simplest possible Vue setup in a single HTML file Dev build My dear reader, I can see your shining eyes and I can read your mind. Now that you know how to install and use Vue.js and how does it work, you definitely want to put your hands deeply into the core code and contribute! I understand you. For this you need to use development version of Vue.js which you have to download from GitHub and compile yourself. Let’s build our example with this development version vue. Create a new folder, for example, dev-build and copy all the files from the npm example to this folder. Do not forget to copy the node_modules folder. You should cd into it and download files from GitHub to it, then run npm install and npm run build. cd <APP-PATH>/node_modules git clone https://github.com/vuejs/vue.git cd vue npm install npm run build Now build our example application: cd <APP-PATH> npm install npm run build Open index.html in the browser, you will see the usual Learning Vue.js header. Let’s now try to change something in vue.js source! Go to the node_modules/vue/src folder. Open config.js file. The second line defines delimeters: let delimiters = ['{{', '}}'] This defines the delimiters used in the html templates. The things inside these delimiters are recognized as a Vue data or as a JavaScript code. Let’s change them! Let’s replace “{{” and “}}” with double percentage signs! Go on and edit the file: let delimiters = ['%%', '%%'] Now rebuild both Vue source and our application and refresh the browser. What do you see? After changing Vue source and replacing delimiters, {{}} delimeters do not work anymore! The message inside {{}} is no longer recognized as data that we passed to Vue. In fact, it is being rendered as part of HTML. Now go to the index.html file and replace our curly brackets delimiters with double percentage: <div id="app"> <h1>%% message %%</h1> </div> Rebuild our application and refresh the browser! What about now? You see how easy it is to change the framework’s code and to try out your changes. I’m sure you have plenty of ideas about how to improve or add some functionality to Vue.js. So change it, rebuild, test, deploy! Happy pull requests! Debug Vue application You can debug your Vue application the same way you debug any other web application. Use your developer tools, breakpoints, debugger statements, and so on. Vue also provides vue devtools so it gets easier to debug Vue applications. You can download and install it from the Chrome web store: https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/vuejs-devtools/nhdogjmejiglipccpnnnanhbledajbpd After installing it, open, for example, our shopping list application. Open developer tools. You will see the Vue tab has automatically appeared: Vue devtools In our case we only have one component—Root. As you can imagine, once we start working with components and having lots of them, they will all appear in the left part of the Vue devtools palette. Click on the Root component and inspect it. You’ll see all the data attached to this component. If you try to change something, for example, add a shopping list item, check or uncheck a checkbox, change the title, and so on, all these changes will be immediately propagated to the data in the Vue devtools. You will immediately see the changes on the right side of it. Let’s try, for example, to add shopping list item. Once you start typing, you see on the right how newItem changes accordingly: The changes in the models are immediately propagated to the Vue devtools data When we start adding more components and introduce complexity to our Vue applications, the debugging will certainly become more fun! Summary In this article we have analyzed the behind the scenes of Vue.js. We learned how to install Vue.js. We also learned how to debug Vue application. Resources for Article: Further resources on this subject: API with MongoDB and Node.js [Article] Tips & Tricks for Ext JS 3.x [Article] Working with Forms using REST API [Article]

React Native, a new framework, allows you to build mobile apps using JavaScript. It uses the same design as React.js, letting you compose a rich mobile UI from declarative components. Although many developers are talking about this technology, React Native is not yet approved by most professionals for several reasons: React Native isn’t fully stable yet. At the time of writing this, we are at version 0.40 It can be scary to use a web technology in a mobile application It’s hard to find good React Native developers because knowing the React.js stack is not enough to maintain a mobile React Native app from A to Z! To confront all these prejudices, this series will act as a guide, detailing how we see things in my development team. We will cover the entire React Native environment as well as discuss how to maintain a React Native application. This series may be of interest to companies who want to implement a React Native solution and also of interest to anyone who is looking for the perfect tools to maintain a mobile application in React Native. Let’s start here in part 1 by exploring the React Native environment. The environment The React Native environment is pretty consistent. To manage all of the parts of such an application, you will need a native stack, a JavaScript stack, and specific components from React Native. Let's examine all the aspects of the React Native environment: The Native part consists of two important pieces of software: Android Studio (Android) and Xcode (iOS). Both the pieces of software are provided with their emulators, so there is no need for a physical device! The negative point of Android Studio, however, is that you need to download the SDK, and you will have to find the good versions and download them all. In addition, these two programs take up a lot of room on your hard disk! The JavaScript part naturally consists of Node.js, but we must add Watchman to that to check the changes in a file in real time. The React Native CLI will automate the linking of all software. You only have to run react-native init helloworld to create a project and react-native run-ios --scheme 'Dev' to launch the project on an iOS simulator in debug mode. The supplied react-native controls will load almost everything! You have, no doubt, come to our first conclusion. React Native has a lot of prerequisites, and although it makes sense to have as much dependency as possible, you will have to master them all, which can take some time. And also a lot of space on your hard drive! Try this as your starting point if you want more information on getting started with React Native. Atom, linter, and flow A developer never starts coding without his text editor and his little tricks, just as a woodcutter never goes out into the forest without his ax! More than 80% of people around me use Atom as a text editor. And they are not wrong! React Native is 100% OpenSource, and Atom is also open source. And it is full of plug-ins and themes of all kinds. I personally use a lot of plug-ins, such as color-picker, file-icons, indent-guide-improved, minimap, etc., but there are some plug-ins that should be essential for every JavaScript coder, especially for your React Native application. linter-eslint To work alone or in a group, you must have a common syntax for all your files. To do this, we use linter-eslint with the fbjs configurations. This plugin provides the following: Good indentation Good syntax on how to define variables, objects, classes, etc. Indications on non-existent, unused variables and functions And many other great benefits. Flow One question you may be thinking is what is the biggest problem with using JavaScript? One issue with using JavaScript has always been that it's a language that has no type. In fact, there are types, such as String, Number, Boolean, Function, etc., but that's just not enough. There is no static type. To deal with this, we use Flow, which allows you to perform type check before run-time. This is, of course, useful for predicting bugs! There is even a plug-in version for Atom: linter-flow. Conclusion At this point, you should have everything you need to create your first React Native mobile applications. Here are some great examples of apps that are out there already. Check out part 2 in this series where I cover the tools that can help you maintain your React Native apps. About the author Pierre Monge (liroo.pierre@gmail.com) is a 21 year old student. He is a developer in C, JavaScript, and all things related to web development, and he has recently been creating mobile applications. He is currently working as an intern at a company named Azendoo, where he is developing a 100% React Native application.

In this article by Harmeet Singh and Mehul Bhat, the authors of the book Learning Web Development with React and Bootstrap, we are going to see how we can build responsive web applications with the help of Bootstrap and ReactJS. (For more resources related to this topic, see here.) There are many different ways to build modern web applications with JavaScript and CSS, including a lot of different tool choices, and a lot of new theory to learn. This book introduces you to ReactJS and Bootstrap which you will likely come across as you learn about modern web app development. They both are used for building fast and scalable user interfaces. React is famously known as a view (V) in MVC when we talk about defining M and C we need to look somewhere else or we can use other frameworks like Redux and Flux to handle remote data. The best way to learn code is to write code, so we're going to jump right in. To show you just how easy it is to get up and running with Bootstrap and ReactJS, we're going to cover theory and will see how we can make super simple applications as well as integrate with other applications. ReactJS React (sometimes styled React.js or ReactJS) is an open-source JavaScript library which provides a view for data rendered as HTML. Components have been used typically to render React views which contain additional components specified as custom HTML tags. React gives you a trivial virtual DOM, powerful views without templates, unidirectional data flow and explicit mutation. It is very methodical in updating the HTML document when data changes; and a clean separation between components on a modern single-page application. As your app comes into existence and develops, it's advantageous to ensure that your components are used in the right manner and the React app consists of reusable components, which makes code reuse, testing, and separation of concerns easy. React is not only V in MVC, it has stateful components, it handles mapping from input to state changes, and it renders components. In this sense, it does everything that an MVC would do. Let's look at React's component life cycle and it's different levels: Bootstrap Bootstrap is an open source frontend framework maintained by Twitter for developing responsive websites and web applications. It includes HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code to build user interface components. It's a faster and an easier way to develop powerful mobile-first user interface. Bootstrap grid system allows us to create responsive 12 column grids, layout, and components. It includes predefined classes for easy layout options (fixed width and full width). Bootstrap have pre-styled dozen reusable components and custom jQuery plugins like button, alerts, dropdown, modal, tooltip tab, pagination, carousal, badges, icons and many more. Bootstrap package includes the compiled and minified version of CSS and JS for our app we just need CSS bootstrap.min.css and fonts folder. This style sheet will provide you the look and feel of all components, responsive layout structure for our application. In the previous version Bootstrap included icons as image but in version 3 they have replaced icons as fonts. We can also customize the Bootstrap CSS stylesheet as per the component featured in our application. React-Bootstrap The React-Bootstrap JavaScript framework is similar to Bootstrap rebuilt for React. It's a complete reimplementation of the Bootstrap frontend reusable components in React. React-Bootstrap has no dependency on any other framework, such as Bootstrap.js or jQuery. It means that if you are using React-Bootstrap then we don't need to include the jQuery in your project as a dependency. Using React-Bootstrap, we can be sure that, there won't be external JavaScript calls to render the component which might be incompatible with the React DOM render. However, you can still achieve the same functionality and look and feel as Twitter Bootstrap, but with much cleaner code. Benefits of React-Bootstrap Compare to Twitter Bootstrap, we can import required code/component. It saves a bit of typing and bugs by compressing the Bootstrap. It reduces typing efforts and, more importantly, conflicts by compressing the Bootstrap. We don't need to think about the different approaches taken by Bootstrap versus. React It is easy to use It encapsulates in elements It uses JSX syntax It avoids React rendering of the virtual DOM It is easy to detect DOM changes and update the DOM without any conflict It doesn't have any dependency on other libraries, such as jQuery Bootstrap grid system Bootstrap is based on a 12-column grid system which includes a powerful responsive structure and a mobile-first fluid grid system that allows us to scaffold our web app with very few elements. In Bootstrap, we have a predefined series of classes to compose of rows and columns, so before we start we need to include the <div>tag with the container class to wrap our rows and columns. Otherwise, the framework won't respond as expected because Bootstrap has written CSS which is dependent on it. The preceding snippet has HTML structure of container class <div> tag: <div class="container"><div> This will make your web app the centre of the page as well as control the rows and columns to work as expected in responsive. There are four class prefixes which help to define the behaviour of the columns. All the classes are related to different device screen sizes and react in familiar ways. The following table from http://getbootstrap.com defines the variations between all four classes:   Extra small devices Phones (<768px) Small devices Tablets (≥768px) Medium devices Desktops (≥992px) Large devices Desktops (≥1200px) Grid behavior Horizontal at all times Collapsed to start, horizontal above breakpoints Container width None (auto) 750px 970px 1170px Class prefix .col-xs- .col-sm- .col-md- .col-lg- # of columns 12 Column width Auto ~62px ~81px ~97px Gutter width 30px (15px on each side of a column) Nestable Yes Offsets Yes Column ordering Yes React components React is basically based on a modular build, with encapsulated components that manage their own state so it will efficiently update and render your components when data changes. In React, components logic is written in JavaScript instead of templates so you can easily pass rich data through your app and manage the state out of the DOM. Using the render() method, we are rendering a component in React that takes input data and returns what you want to display. It can either take HTML tags (strings) or React components (classes). Let's take a quick look at examples of both: var myReactElement = <div className="hello" />; ReactDOM.render(myReactElement, document.getElementById('example')); In this example, we are passing HTML as a string into the render method which we have used before creating the <Navbar>: var ReactComponent = React.createClass({/*...*/}); var myReactElement = <ReactComponent someProperty={true} />; ReactDOM.render(myReactElement, document.getElementById('example')); In the preceding example, we are rendering the component, just to create a local variable that starts with an uppercase convention. Using the upper versus lowercase convention in React's JSX will distinguish between local component classes and HTML tags. So, we can create our React elements or components in two ways: either we can use Plain JavaScript with React.createElement or React's JSX. React.createElement() Using JSX in React is completely optional for creating the react app. As we know, we can create elements with React.createElement which take three arguments: a tag name or component, a properties object, and a variable number of child elements, which is optional: var profile = React.createElement('li',{className:'list-group-item'}, 'Profile'); var profileImageLink = React.createElement('a',{className:'center-block text-center',href:'#'},'Image'); var profileImageWrapper = React.createElement('li',{className:'list-group-item'}, profileImageLink); var sidebar = React.createElement('ul', { className: 'list-group' }, profile, profileImageWrapper); ReactDOM.render(sidebar, document.getElementById('sidebar')); In the preceding example, we have used React.createElement to generate a ulli structure. React already has built-in factories for common DOM HTML tags. JSX in React JSX is extension of JavaScript syntax and if you observe the syntax or structure of JSX, you will find it similar to XML coding. JSX is doing preprocessor footstep which adds XML syntax to JavaScript. Though, you can certainly use React without JSX but JSX makes react a lot more neat and elegant. Similar like XML, JSX tags are having tag name, attributes, and children and in that if an attribute value is enclosed in quotes that value becomes a string. The way XML is working with balanced opening and closing tags, JSX works similarly and it also helps to understand and read huge amount of structures easily than JavaScript functions and objects. Advantages of using JSX in React Take a look at the following points: JSX is very simple to understand and think about than JavaScript functions Mark-up of JSX would be more familiar to non-programmers Using JSX, your markup becomes more semantic, organized, and significant JSX – acquaintance or understanding In the development region, user interface developer, user experience designer, and quality assurance people are not much familiar with any programming language but JSX makes their life easy by providing easy syntax structure which is visually similar to HTML structure. JSX shows a path to indicate and see through your mind's eye, the structure in a solid and concise way. JSX – semantics/structured syntax Till now, we have seen how JSX syntax is easy to understand and visualize, behind this there is big reason of having semantic syntax structure. JSX with pleasure converts your JavaScript code into more standard way, which gives clarity to set your semantic syntax and significance component. With the help of JSX syntax you can declare structure of your custom component with information the way you do in HTML syntax and that will do all magic to transform your syntax to JavaScript functions. ReactDOM namespace helps us to use all HTML elements with the help of ReactJS, isn't this an amazing feature! It is. Moreover, the good part is, you can write your own named components with help of ReactDOM namespace. Please check out below HTML simple mark-up and how JSX component helps you to have semantic markup. <div className="divider"> <h2>Questions</h2><hr /> </div> As you can see in the preceding example, we have wrapped <h2>Questions</h2><hr /> with <div> tag which has classNamedivider so, in React composite component, you can create similar structure and it is as easy as you do your HTML coding with semantic syntax: <Divider> Questions </Divider> Composite component As we know that, you can create your custom component with JSX markup and JSX syntax will transform your component to JavaScript syntax component. Namespace components It's another feature request which is available in React JSX. We know that JSX is just an extension of JavaScript syntax and it also provides ability to use namespace so, React is also using JSX namespace pattern rather than XML namespacing. By using, standard JavaScript syntax approach which is object property access, this feature is useful for assigning component directly as <Namespace.Component/> instead of assigning variables to access components which are stored in an object. JSXTransformer JSXTransformer is another tool to compile JSX in the browser. While reading a code, browser will read attribute type="text/jsx" in your mentioned <script> tag and it will only transform those scripts which has mentioned type attribute and then it will execute your script or written function in that file. The code will be executed in same manner the way React-tools executes on the server. JSXTransformer is deprecating in current version of React, but you can find the current version on any provided CDNs and Bower. As per my opinion, it would be great to use Babel REPL tool to compile JavaScript. It has already adopted by React and broader JavaScript community. Attribute expressions If you can see above example of show/Hide we have used attribute expression for show the message panel and hide it. In react, there is a bit change in writing an attribute value, in JavaScript expression we write attribute in quotes ("") but we have to provide pair of curly braces ({}). var showhideToggle = this.state.collapse ? (<MessagePanel>):null/>; Boolean attributes As in Boolean attribute, there are two values, either it can be true or false and if we neglect its value in JSX while declaring attribute, it by default takes value as true. If we want to have attribute value false then we have to use an attribute expression. This scenario can come regularly when we use HTML form elements, for example disabled attribute, required attribute, checked attribute, and readOnly attribute. In Bootstrap example: aria-haspopup="true"aria-expanded="true" // example of writing disabled attribute in JSX <input type="button" disabled />; <input type="button" disabled={true} />; JavaScript expressions As seen in the preceding example, you can embed JavaScript expressions in JSX using syntax that will be accustomed to any handlebars user, for example style = { displayStyle } allocates the value of the JavaScript variable displayStyle to the element's style attribute. Styles Same as the expression, you can set styles by assigning an ordinary JavaScript object to the style attribute. How interesting, if someone tells you, not to write CSS syntax but you can write JavaScript code to achieve the same, no extra efforts. Isn't it superb stuff! Yes, it is. Events There is a set of event handlers that you can bind in a way that should look much acquainted to anybody who knows HTML. Generally, as per our practice we set properties on to the object which is anti-pattern in JSX attribute standard. var component = <Component />; component.props.foo = x; // bad component.props.bar = y; // also bad As shown in the preceding example, you can see the anti-pattern and it's not the best practice. If you don't know about properties of JSX attributes then propTypes won't be set and it will throw errors which would be difficult for you to trace. Props is very sensitive part of attribute so, you should not change it, as each props is having predefined method and you should use it as it is meant for, like we use other JavaScript methods or HTML tags. This doesn't mean that it is impossible to change Props, it is possible but it is against standard defined by React. Even in React, it will throw error. Spread attributes Let's check out JSX feature—spread attributes: var props = {}; props.foo = x; props.bar = y; var component = <Component {...props} />; As you see in above example, your properties which you have declared have become part of your component's props as well. Reusability of attributes is also possible here and you can also map it with other attributes. But you have to be very careful in ordering your attributes while you declare it, as it will override the previous declared attribute with lastly declared one. Props and state React components translate your raw data into Rich HTML, the props and state together build with that raw data to keep your UI consistent. Ok, let's identify what exactly it is: Props and state are both plain JS objects. It triggers with a render update. React manage the component state by calling setState (data, callback). This method will merge data into this.state, and re-renders the component to keep our UI up to date. For example, the state of the drop-down menu (visible or hidden). React component props - short for "properties" that don't change over time. For example, drop-down menu items. Sometimes components only take some data with this .props method and render it, which makes your component stateless. Using props and state together helps you to make an interactive app. Component life cycle methods In React each component has its own specific callback function. These callback's functions play an important role when we are thinking about DOM manipulation or integrating other plugins in React (jQuery). Let's look at some commonly used methods in the lifecycle of a component: getInitialState(): This method will help you to get the initial state of a component. componentDidMount: This method is called automatically when a component is rendered or mounted for the first time in DOM. Integrate JavaScript frameworks, we'll use this method to perform operations like setTimeout or setInterval, or send AJAX requests. componentWillReceiveProps: This method will be used to receive a new props. componentWillUnmount: This method is invoked before component is unmounted from DOM. Cleanup the DOM memory elements which are mounted in componentDidMount method. componentWillUpdate: This method invoked before updating a new props and state. componentDidUpdate: This is invoked immediately when the component has been updated in DOM What is Redux? As we know, in single page applications (SPAs) when we have to contract with state and time, it would be difficult to handgrip state over time. Here, Redux helps a lot, how? Because, in JavaScript application, Redux is handling two states: one is Data state and another is UI state and it's standard option for SPAs (single page applications). Moreover, bearing in mind, Redux can be used with AngularJS or jQuery or React JavaScript libraries or frameworks. Now we know, what does Redux mean? In short, Redux is a helping hand to play with states while developing JavaScript applications. We have seen in our previous examples like, the data flows in one direction only from parent level to child level and it is known as "unidirectional data flow". React has same flow direction from data to components so in this case it would be very difficult for proper communication of two components in React. Redux's architecture benefits: Compare to other frameworks, it has more benefits: It might not have any other way effects As we know, binning is not needed because components cant not interact directly States are managed globally so less possibility of mismanagement Sometimes, for middleware it would be difficult to manage other way effects React Top Level API When we are talking about React API, it's the starting step to get into React library. Different usage of React will provide different output like using React script tag will make top-level APIs available on the React global, using ES6 with npm will allow us to write import React from 'react' and using ES5 with npm will allow us to write var React = require('react'), so there are multiple ways to intialize the React with different features. Mount/Unmount component Always, it's recommended to have custom wrapper API in your API, suppose we have single root or more than one root and it will be deleted at some period, so you will not lose it. Facebook is also having the similar set up which automatically calls unmountComponentAtNode. I also suggest not to call ReactDOM.render() every time but ideal way is to write or use it through library so, by that way Application will have mounting and unmounting to manage it. Creating custom wrapper will help you to manage configuration at one place like internationalization, routers, user data and it would be very painful to set up all configuration every time at different places. React integration with other APIs React integration is nothing but converting Web component to React component by using JSX, Redux, and other methods of React. I would like to share here, some of the best practices to be followed to have 100% quality output. Things to remember while creating application with React Take a look at the following points to remember: Before you start working on React, always remember that it is just a View library, not the MVC framework. It is advisable to have small length of component to deal with classes and modules as well as it makes life easy while code understanding, unit testing and long run maintenance of component. React has introduced functions of props in its 0.14 version which is recommended to use, it is also known as functional component which helps to split your component. To avoid painful journey while dealing with React-based app, please don't use much states. As I said earlier that React is only view library so, to deal with rendering part, I recommend to use Redux rather than other frameworks of Flux. If you want to have more type safety then always use propTypes which also helps to catch bug early and acts as a document. I recommend use of shallow rendering method to test React component which allows rendering single component without touching their child components. While dealing with large React applications, always use Webpack, NPM, ES6, JSX, and Babel to complete your application. If you want to have deep dive into React's application and its elements, you can use Reduxdev tools. Summary To begin with, we saw just how easy it is to get ReactJS and Bootstrap installed with the inclusion of JavaScript files and a style sheet. With Bootstrap, we work towards having a responsive grid system for different mobile devices and applied the fundamental styles of HTML elements with the inclusion of a few classes and divs. We also saw the framework's new mobile-first responsive design in action without cluttering up our markup with unnecessary classes or elements. Resources for Article: Further resources on this subject: Getting Started with React and Bootstrap [article] Getting Started with ASP.NET Core and Bootstrap 4 [article] Frontend development with Bootstrap 4 [article]

In this article by Sohail Salehi, the author of the book Angular 2 Services, you can ask the two fundamental questions, when a new development tool is announced or launched are: how different is the new tool from other competitor tools and how enhanced it is when compared to its own the previous versions? If we are going to invest our time in learning a new framework, common sense says we need to make sure we get a good return on our investment. There are so many good articles out there about cons and pros of each framework. To me, choosing Angular 2 boils down to three aspects: The foundation: Angular is introduced and supported by Google and targeted at “ever green” modern browsers. This means we, as developers, don't need to lookout for hacky solutions in each browser upgrade, anymore. The browser will always be updated to the latest version available, letting Angular worry about the new changes and leaving us out of it. This way we can focus more on our development tasks. The community: Think about the community as an asset. The bigger the community, the wider range of solutions to a particular problem. Looking at the statistics, Angular community still way ahead of others and the good news is this community is leaning towards being more involved and more contributing on all levels. The solution: If you look at the previous JS frameworks, you will see most of them focusing on solving a problem for a browser first, and then for mobile devices. The argument for that could be simple: JS wasn't meant to be a language for mobile development. But things have changed to a great extent over the recent years and people now use mobile devices more than before. I personally believe a complex native mobile application – which is implemented in Java or C – is more performant, as compared to its equivalent implemented in JS. But the thing here is that not every mobile application needs to be complex. So business owners have started asking questions like: Why do I need a machine-gun to kill a fly? (For more resources related to this topic, see here.) With that question in mind, Angular 2 chose a different approach. It solves the performance challenges faced by mobile devices first. In other words, if your Angular 2 application is fast enough on mobile environments, then it is lightning fast inside the “ever green” browsers. So that is what we are going to do in this article. First we are going to learn about Angular 2 and the main problem it is going to solve. Then we talk a little bit about the JavaScript history and the differences between Angular 2 and AngularJS 1. Introducing “The Sherlock Project” is next and finally we install the tools and libraries we need to implement this project. Introducing Angular 2 The previous JS frameworks we've used already have a fluid and easy workflow towards building web applications rapidly. But as developers what we are struggling with is the technical debt. In simple words, we could quickly build a web application with an impressive UI. But as the product kept growing and the change requests started kicking in, we had to deal with all maintenance nightmares which forces a long list of maintenance tasks and heavy costs to the businesses. Basically the framework that used to be an amazing asset, turned into a hairy liability (or technical debt if you like). One of the major "revamps" in Angular 2 is the removal of a lot of modules resulting in a lighter and faster core. For example, if you are coming from an Angular 1.x background and don't see $scope or $log in the new version, don't panic, they are still available to you via other means, But there is no need to add overhead to the loading time if we are not going to use all modules. So taking the modules out of the core results in a better performance. So to answer the question, one of the main issues Angular 2 addresses is the performance issues. This is done through a lot of structural changes. There is no backward compatibility We don't have backward compatibility. If you have some Angular projects implemented with the previous version (v1.x), depending on the complexity of the project, I wouldn't recommend migrating to the new version. Most likely, you will end up hammering a lot of changes into your migrated Angular 2 project and at the end you will realize it was more cost effective if you would just create a new project based on Angular 2 from scratch. Please keep in mind, the previous versions of AngularJS and Angular 2 share just a name, but they have huge differences in their nature and that is the price we pay for a better performance. Previous knowledge of AngularJS 1.x is not necessary You might wondering if you need to know AngularJS 1.x before diving into Angular 2. Absolutely not. To be more specific, it might be even better if you didn't have any experience using Angular at all. This is because your mind wouldn't be preoccupied with obsolete rules and syntaxes. For example, we will see a lot of annotations in Angular 2 which might make you feel uncomfortable if you come from a Angular 1 background. Also, there are different types of dependency injections and child injectors which are totally new concepts that have been introduced in Angular 2. Moreover there are new features for templating and data-binding which help to improve loading time by asynchronous processing. The relationship between ECMAScript, AtScript and TypeScript The current edition of ECMAScript (ES5) is the one which is widely accepted among all well known browsers. You can think of it as the traditional JavaScript. Whatever code is written in ES5 can be executed directly in the browsers. The problem is most of modern JavaScript frameworks contain features which require more than the traditional JavaScript capabilities. That is why ES6 was introduced. With this edition – and any future ECMAScript editions – we will be able to empower JavaScript with the features we need. Now, the challenge is running the new code in the current browsers. Most browsers, nowadays recognize standard JavaScript codes only. So we need a mediator to transform ES6 to ES5. That mediator is called a transpiler and the technical term for transformations is transpiling. There are many good transpilers out there and you are free to choose whatever you feel comfortable with. Apart from TypeScript, you might want to consider Babel (babeljs.io) as your main transpiler. Google originally planned to use AtScript to implement Angular 2, but later they joined forces with Microsoft and introduced TypeScript as the official transpiler for Angular 2. The following figure summarizes the relationship between various editions of ECMAScript, AtScript and TypeScript. For more details about JavaScript, ECMAScript and how they evolved during the past decade visit the following link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript Setting up tools and getting started! It is important to get the foundation right before installing anything else. Depending on your operating system, install Node.js and its package manager- npm. . You can find a detailed installation manual on Node.js official website. https://nodejs.org/en/ Make sure both Node.js and npm are installed globally (they are accessible system wide) and have the right permissions. At the time of writing npm comes with Node.js out of the box. But in case their policy changes in the future, you can always download the npm and follow the installation process from the following link. https://npmjs.com The next stop would be the IDE. Feel free to choose anything that you are comfortable with. Even a simple text editor will do. I am going to use WebStorm because of its embedded TypeScript syntax support and Angular 2 features which speeds up development process. Moreover it is light weight enough to handle the project we are about to develop. You can download it from here: https://jetbrains.com/webstorm/download We are going to use simple objects and arrays as a place holder for the data. But at some stage we will need to persist the data in our application. That means we need a database. We will use the Google's Firebase Realtime database for our needs. It is fast, it doesn't need to download or setup anything locally and more over it responds instantly to your requests and aligns perfectly with Angular's two-way data-binding. For now just leave the database as it is. You don't need to create any connections or database objects. Setting up the seed project The final requirement to get started would be an Angular 2 seed project to shape the initial structure of our project. If you look at the public source code repositories you can find several versions of these seeds. But I prefer the official one for two reasons: Custom made seeds usually come with a personal twist depending on the developers taste. Although sometimes it might be a great help, but since we are going to build everything from scratch and learn the fundamental concepts, they are not favorable to our project. The official seeds are usually minimal. They are very slim and don't contain overwhelming amount of 3rd party packages and environmental configurations. Speaking about packages, you might be wondering what happened to the other JavaScript packages we needed for this application. We didn't install anything else other than Node and NPM. The next section will answer this question. Setting up an Angular 2 project in WebStorm Assuming you have installed WebStorm, fire the IDE and and checkout a new project from a git repository. Now set the repository URL to: https://github.com/angular/angular2-seed.git and save the project in a folder called “the sherlock project” as shown in the figure below: Hit the Clone button and open the project in WebStorm. Next, click on the package.json file and observe the dependencies. As you see, this is a very lean seed with minimal configurations. It contains the Angular 2 plus required modules to get the project up and running. The first thing we need to do is install all required dependencies defined inside the package.json file. Right click on the file and select the “run npm install” option. Installing the packages for the first time will take a while. In the mean time, explore the devDependencies section of package.json in the editor. As you see, we have all the required bells and whistles to run the project including TypeScript, web server and so on to start the development: "devDependencies": { "@types/core-js": "^0.9.32", "@types/node": "^6.0.38", "angular2-template-loader": "^0.4.0", "awesome-typescript-loader": "^1.1.1", "css-loader": "^0.23.1", "raw-loader": "^0.5.1", "to-string-loader": "^1.1.4", "typescript": "^2.0.2", "webpack": "^1.12.9", "webpack-dev-server": "^1.14.0", "webpack-merge": "^0.8.4" }, We also have some nifty scripts defined inside package.json that automate useful processes. For example, to start a webserver and see the seed in action we can simply execute following command in a terminal: $ npm run server or we can right click on package.json file and select “Show npm Scripts”. This will open another side tab in WebStorm and shows all available scripts inside the current file. Basically all npm related commands (which you can run from command-line) are located inside the package.json file under the scripts key. That means if you have a special need, you can create your own script and add it there. You can also modify the current ones. Double click on start script and it will run the web server and loads the seed application on port 3000. That means if you visit http://localhost:3000 you will see the seed application in your browser: If you are wondering where the port number comes from, look into package.json file and examine the server key under the scripts section:    "server": "webpack-dev-server --inline --colors --progress --display-error-details --display-cached --port 3000 --content-base src", There is one more thing before we move on to the next topic. If you open any .ts file, WebStorm will ask you if you want it to transpile the code to JavaScript. If you say No once and it will never show up again. We don't need WebStorm to transpile for us because the start script is already contains a transpiler which takes care of all transformations for us. Front-end developers versus back-end developers Recently, I had an interesting conversation with a couple of colleagues of mine which worth sharing here in this article. One of them is an avid front-end developer and the other is a seasoned back-end developer. You guessed what I'm going to talk about: The debate between back-end/front-end developers and who is the better half. We have seen these kind of debates between back-end and front-end people in development communities long enough. But the interesting thing which – in my opinion – will show up more often in the next few months (years) is a fading border between the ends (front-end/back-end). It feels like the reason that some traditional front-end developers are holding up their guard against new changes in Angular 2, is not just because the syntax has changed thus causing a steep learning curve, but mostly because they now have to deal with concepts which have existed natively in back-end development for many years. Hence, the reason that back-end developers are becoming more open to the changes introduced in Angular 2 is mostly because these changes seem natural to them. Annotations or child dependency injections for example is not a big deal to back-enders, as much as it bothers the front-enders. I won't be surprised to see a noticeable shift in both camps in the years to come. Probably we will see more back-enders who are willing to use Angular as a good candidate for some – if not all – of their back-end projects and probably we will see more front-enders taking Object-Oriented concepts and best practices more seriously. Given that JavaScript was originally a functional scripting language they probably will try to catch-up with the other camp as fast as they can. There is no comparison here and I am not saying which camp has advantage over the other one. My point is, before modern front-end frameworks, JavaScript was open to be used in a quick and dirty inline scripts to solve problems quickly. While this is a very convenient approach it causes serious problems when you want to scale a web application. Imagine the time and effort you might have to make finding all of those dependent codes and re-factor them to reflect the required changes. When it comes to scalability, we need a full separation between layers and that requires developers to move away from traditional JavaScript and embrace more OOP best practices in their day to day development tasks. That what has been practiced in all modern front-end frameworks and Angular 2 takes it to the next level by completely restructuring the model-view-* concept and opening doors to the future features which eventually will be native part of any web browser. Introducing “The Sherlock Project” During the course of this journey we are going to dive into all new Angular 2 concepts by implementing a semi-AI project called: “The Sherlock Project”. This project will basically be about collecting facts, evaluating and ranking them, and making a decision about how truthful they are. To achieve this goal, we will implement a couple of services and inject them to the project, wherever they are needed. We will discuss one aspect of the project and will focus on one related service. At the end, all services will come together to act as one big project. Summary This article covered a brief introduction to Angular 2. We saw where Angular2 comes from, what problems is it going to solve and how we can benefit from it. We talked about the project that we will be creating with Angular 2. We also saw whic other tools are needed for our project and how to install and configure them. Finally, we cloned an Angular 2 seed project, installed all its dependencies and started a web server to examine the application output in a browser Resources for Article: Further resources on this subject: Introduction to JavaScript [article] Third Party Libraries [article] API with MongoDB and Node.js [article]

In this article by, Greg Turnquist, author of the book, Learning Spring Boot – Second Edition, we will cover the following topics: Introduction Creating a bare project using http://start.spring.io Seeing how to run our app straight inside our IDE with no stand alone containers (For more resources related to this topic, see here.) Perhaps you've heard about Spring Boot? It's only cultivated the most popular explosion in software development in years. Clocking millions of downloads per month, the community has exploded since it's debut in 2013. I hope you're ready for some fun, because we are going to take things to the next level as we use Spring Boot to build a social media platform. We'll explore its many valuable features all the way from tools designed to speed up development efforts to production-ready support as well as cloud native features. Despite some rapid fire demos you might have caught on YouTube, Spring Boot isn't just for quick demos. Built atop the de facto standard toolkit for Java, the Spring Framework, Spring Boot will help us build this social media platform with lightning speed AND stability. In this article, we'll get a quick kick off with Spring Boot using Java the programming language. Maybe that makes you chuckle? People have been dinging Java for years as being slow, bulky, and not the means for agile shops. Together, we'll see how that is not the case. At any time, if you're interested in a more visual medium, feel free to checkout my Learning Spring Boot [Video] at https://www.packtpub.com/application-development/learning-spring-boot-video. What is step #1 when we get underway with a project? We visit Stack Overflow and look for an example project to build a project! Seriously, the amount of time spent adapting another project's build file, picking dependencies, and filling in other details about our project adds up. At the Spring Initializr (http://start.spring.io), we can enter minimal details about our app, pick our favorite build system, the version of Spring Boot we wish to use, and then choose our dependencies off a menu. Click the Download button, and we have a free standing, ready-to-run application. In this article, let's take a quick test drive and build small web app. We can start by picking Gradle from the dropdown. Then, select 1.4.1.BUILD-SNAPSHOT as the version of Spring Boot we wish to use. Next, we need to pick our application's coordinates: Group - com.greglturnquist.learningspringboot Artifact - learning-spring-boot Now comes the fun part. We get to pick the ingredients for our application like picking off a delicious menu. If we start typing, for example, "Web", into the Dependencies box, we'll see several options appear. To see all the available options, click on the Switch to the full version link toward the bottom. There are lots of overrides, such as switching from JAR to WAR, or using an older version of Java. You can also pick Kotlin or Groovy as the primary language for your application. For starters, in this day and age, there is no reason to use anything older than Java 8. And JAR files are the way to go. WAR files are only needed when applying Spring Boot to an old container. To build our social media platform, we need a few ingredients as shown: Web (embedded Tomcat + Spring MVC) WebSocket JPA (Spring Data JPA) H2 (embedded SQL data store) Thymeleaf template engine Lombok (to simplify writing POJOs) The following diagram shows an overview of these ingredients: With these items selected, click on Generate Project. There are LOTS of other tools that leverage this site. For example, IntelliJ IDEA lets you create a new project inside the IDE, giving you the same options shown here. It invokes the web site's REST API, and imports your new project. You can also interact with the site via cURL or any other REST-based tool. Now let's unpack that ZIP file and see what we've got: a build.gradle build file a Gradle wrapper, so there's no need to install Gradle a LearningSpringBootApplication.java application class an application.properties file a LearningSpringBootApplicationTests.java test class We built an empty Spring Boot project. Now what? Before we sink our teeth into writing code, let's take a peek at the build file. It's quite terse, but carries some key bits. Starting from the top: buildscript { ext { springBootVersion = '1.4.1.BUILD-SNAPSHOT' } repositories { mavenCentral() maven { url "https://repo.spring.io/snapshot" } maven { url "https://repo.spring.io/milestone" } } dependencies { classpath("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-gradle- plugin:${springBootVersion}") } } This contains the basis for our project: springBootVersion shows us we are using Spring Boot 1.4.1.BUILD-SNAPSHOT The Maven repositories it will pull from are listed next Finally, we see the spring-boot-gradle-plugin, a critical tool for any Spring Boot project The first piece, the version of Spring Boot, is important. That's because Spring Boot comes with a curated list of 140 third party library versions extending well beyond the Spring portfolio and into some of the most commonly used libraries in the Java ecosystem. By simply changing the version of Spring Boot, we can upgrade all these libraries to newer versions known to work together. There is an extra project, the Spring IO Platform (https://spring.io/platform), which includes an additional 134 curated versions, bringing the total to 274. The repositories aren't as critical, but it's important to add milestones and snapshots if fetching a library not released to Maven central or hosted on some vendor's local repository. Thankfully, the Spring Initializr does this for us based on the version of Spring Boot selected on the site. Finally, we have the spring-boot-gradle-plugin (and there is a corresponding spring-boot-maven-plugin for Maven users). This plugin is responsible for linking Spring Boot's curated list of versions with the libraries we select in the build file. That way, we don't have to specify the version number. Additionally, this plugin hooks into the build phase and bundle our application into a runnable über JAR, also known as a shaded or fat JAR. Java doesn't provide a standardized way to load nested JAR files into the classpath. Spring Boot provides the means to bundle up third-party JARs inside an enclosing JAR file and properly load them at runtime. Read more at http://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/1.4.1.BUILD-SNAPSHOT/reference/htmlsingle/#executable-jar. With an über JAR in hand, we only need put it on a thumb drive, and carry it to another machine, to a hundred virtual machines in the cloud or your data center, or anywhere else, and it simply runs where we can find a JVM. Peeking a little further down in build.gradle, we can see the plugins that are enabled by default: apply plugin: 'java' apply plugin: 'eclipse' apply plugin: 'spring-boot' The java plugin indicates the various tasks expected for a Java project The eclipse plugin helps generate project metadata for Eclipse users The spring-boot plugin is where the actual spring-boot-gradle-plugin is activated An up-to-date copy of IntelliJ IDEA can ready a plain old Gradle build file fine without extra plugins. Which brings us to the final ingredient used to build our application: dependencies. Spring Boot starters No application is complete without specifying dependencies. A valuable facet of Spring Boot are its virtual packages. These are published packages that don't contain any code, but instead simply list other dependencies. The following list shows all the dependencies we selected on the Spring Initializr site: dependencies { compile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-jpa') compile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter- thymeleaf') compile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web') compile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter- websocket') compile('org.projectlombok:lombok') runtime('com.h2database:h2') testCompile('org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test') } If you'll notice, most of these packages are Spring Boot starters: spring-boot-starter-data-jpa pulls in Spring Data JPA, Spring JDBC, Spring ORM, and Hibernate spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf pulls in Thymeleaf template engine along with Spring Web and the Spring dialect of Thymeleaf spring-boot-starter-web pulls in Spring MVC, Jackson JSON support, embedded Tomcat, and Hibernate's JSR-303 validators spring-boot-starter-websocket pulls in Spring WebSocket and Spring Messaging These starter packages allow us to quickly grab the bits we need to get up and running. Spring Boot starters have gotten so popular that lots of other third party library developers are crafting their own. In addition to starters, we have three extra libraries: Project Lombok makes it dead simple to define POJOs without getting bogged down in getters, setters, and others details. H2 is an embedded database allowing us to write tests, noodle out solutions, and get things moving before getting involved with an external database. spring-boot-starter-test pulls in Spring Boot Test, JSON Path, JUnit, AssertJ, Mockito, Hamcrest, JSON Assert, and Spring Test, all within test scope. The value of this last starter, spring-boot-starter-test, cannot be overstated. With a single line, the most powerful test utilities are at our fingertips, allowing us to write unit tests, slice tests, and full blown our-app-inside-embedded-Tomcat tests. It's why this starter is included in all projects without checking a box on the Spring Initializr site. Now to get things off the ground, we need to shift focus to the tiny bit of code written for us by the Spring Initializr. Running a Spring Boot application The fabulous http://start.spring.io website created a tiny class, LearningSpringBootApplication as shown in the following code: package com.greglturnquist.learningspringboot; import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication; @SpringBootApplication public class LearningSpringBootApplication { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run( LearningSpringBootApplication.class, args); } } This tiny class is actually a fully operational web application! The @SpringBootApplication annotation tells Spring Boot, when launched, to scan recursively for Spring components inside this package and register them. It also tells Spring Boot to enable autoconfiguration, a process where beans are automatically created based on classpath settings, property settings, and other factors. Finally, it indicates that this class itself can be a source for Spring bean definitions. It holds a public static void main(), a simple method to run the application. There is no need to drop this code into an application server or servlet container. We can just run it straight up, inside our IDE. The amount of time saved by this feature, over the long haul, adds up fast. SpringApplication.run() points Spring Boot at the leap off point. In this case, this very class. But it's possible to run other classes. This little class is runnable. Right now! In fact, let's give it a shot. . ____ _ __ _ _ /\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ ( ( )___ | '_ | '_| | '_ / _` | \/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) ) ' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |___, | / / / / =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/ :: Spring Boot :: (v1.4.1.BUILD-SNAPSHOT) 2016-09-18 19:52:44.214: Starting LearningSpringBootApplication on ret... 2016-09-18 19:52:44.217: No active profile set, falling back to defaul... 2016-09-18 19:52:44.513: Refreshing org.springframework.boot.context.e... 2016-09-18 19:52:45.785: Bean 'org.springframework.transaction.annotat... 2016-09-18 19:52:46.188: Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http) 2016-09-18 19:52:46.201: Starting service Tomcat 2016-09-18 19:52:46.202: Starting Servlet Engine: Apache Tomcat/8.5.5 2016-09-18 19:52:46.323: Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationCo... 2016-09-18 19:52:46.324: Root WebApplicationContext: initialization co... 2016-09-18 19:52:46.466: Mapping servlet: 'dispatcherServlet' to [/] 2016-09-18 19:52:46.469: Mapping filter: 'characterEncodingFilter' to:... 2016-09-18 19:52:46.470: Mapping filter: 'hiddenHttpMethodFilter' to: ... 2016-09-18 19:52:46.470: Mapping filter: 'httpPutFormContentFilter' to... 2016-09-18 19:52:46.470: Mapping filter: 'requestContextFilter' to: [/*] 2016-09-18 19:52:46.794: Building JPA container EntityManagerFactory f... 2016-09-18 19:52:46.809: HHH000204: Processing PersistenceUnitInfo [ name: default ...] 2016-09-18 19:52:46.882: HHH000412: Hibernate Core {5.0.9.Final} 2016-09-18 19:52:46.883: HHH000206: hibernate.properties not found 2016-09-18 19:52:46.884: javassist 2016-09-18 19:52:46.976: HCANN000001: Hibernate Commons Annotations {5... 2016-09-18 19:52:47.169: Using dialect: org.hibernate.dialect.H2Dialect 2016-09-18 19:52:47.358: HHH000227: Running hbm2ddl schema export 2016-09-18 19:52:47.359: HHH000230: Schema export complete 2016-09-18 19:52:47.390: Initialized JPA EntityManagerFactory for pers... 2016-09-18 19:52:47.628: Looking for @ControllerAdvice: org.springfram... 2016-09-18 19:52:47.702: Mapped "{[/error]}" onto public org.springfra... 2016-09-18 19:52:47.703: Mapped "{[/error],produces=[text/html]}" onto... 2016-09-18 19:52:47.724: Mapped URL path [/webjars/**] onto handler of... 2016-09-18 19:52:47.724: Mapped URL path [/**] onto handler of type [c... 2016-09-18 19:52:47.752: Mapped URL path [/**/favicon.ico] onto handle... 2016-09-18 19:52:47.778: Cannot find template location: classpath:/tem... 2016-09-18 19:52:48.229: Registering beans for JMX exposure on startup 2016-09-18 19:52:48.278: Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) 2016-09-18 19:52:48.282: Started LearningSpringBootApplication in 4.57... Scrolling through the output, we can see several things: The banner at the top gives us a readout of the version of Spring Boot. (BTW, you can create your own ASCII art banner by creating either banner.txt or banner.png into src/main/resources/) Embedded Tomcat is initialized on port 8080, indicating it's ready for web requests Hibernate is online with the H2 dialect enabled A few Spring MVC routes are registered, such as /error, /webjars, a favicon.ico, and a static resource handler And the wonderful Started LearningSpringBootApplication in 4.571 seconds message Spring Boot uses embedded Tomcat, so there's no need to install a container on our target machine. Non-web apps don't even require Apache Tomcat. The JAR itself is the new container that allows us to stop thinking in terms of old fashioned servlet containers. Instead, we can think in terms of apps. All these factors add up to maximum flexibility in application deployment. How does Spring Boot use embedded Tomcat among other things? As mentioned earlier, it has autoconfiguration meaning it has Spring beans that are created based on different conditions. When Spring Boot sees Apache Tomcat on the classpath, it creates an embedded Tomcat instance along with several beans to support that. When it spots Spring MVC on the classpath, it creates view resolution engines, handler mappers, and a whole host of other beans needed to support that, letting us focus on coding custom routes. With H2 on the classpath, it spins up an in-memory, embedded SQL data store. Spring Data JPA will cause Spring Boot to craft an EntityManager along with everything else needed to start speaking JPA, letting us focus on defining repositories. At this stage, we have a running web application, albeit an empty one. There are no custom routes and no means to handle data. But we can add some real fast. Let's draft a simple REST controller: package com.greglturnquist.learningspringboot; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; @RestController public class HomeController { @GetMapping public String greeting(@RequestParam(required = false, defaultValue = "") String name) { return name.equals("") ? "Hey!" : "Hey, " + name + "!"; } } Let's examine this tiny REST controller in detail: The @RestController annotation indicates that we don't want to render views, but instead write the results straight into the response body. @GetMapping is Spring's shorthand annotation for @RequestMapping(method = RequestMethod.GET, …[]). In this case, it defaults the route to "/". Our greeting() method has one argument: @RequestParam(required = false, defaultValue = "") String name. It indicates that this value can be requested via an HTTP query (?name=Greg), the query isn't required, and in case it's missing, supply an empty string. Finally, we are returning one of two messages depending on whether or not name is empty using Java's classic ternary operator. If we re-launch the LearningSpringBootApplication in our IDE, we'll see a new entry in the console. 2016-09-18 20:13:08.149: Mapped "{[],methods=[GET]}" onto public java.... We can then ping our new route in the browser at http://localhost:8080 and http://localhost:8080?name=Greg. Try it out! That's nice, but since we picked Spring Data JPA, how hard would it be to load some sample data and retrieve it from another route? (Spoiler alert: not hard at all.) We can start out by defining a simple Chapter entity to capture book details as shown in the following code: package com.greglturnquist.learningspringboot; import javax.persistence.Entity; import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue; import javax.persistence.Id; import lombok.Data; @Data @Entity public class Chapter { @Id @GeneratedValue private Long id; private String name; private Chapter() { // No one but JPA uses this. } public Chapter(String name) { this.name = name; } } This little POJO let's us the details about the chapter of a book as follows: The @Data annotation from Lombok will generate getters, setters, a toString() method, a constructor for all required fields (those marked final), an equals() method, and a hashCode() method. The @Entity annotation flags this class as suitable for storing in a JPA data store. The id field is marked with JPA's @Id and @GeneratedValue annotations, indicating this is the primary key, and that writing new rows into the corresponding table will create a PK automatically. Spring Data JPA will by default create a table named CHAPTER with two columns, ID, and NAME. The key field is name, which is populated by the publicly visible constructor. JPA requires a no-arg constructor, so we have included one, but marked it private so no one but JPA may access it. To interact with this entity and it's corresponding table in H2, we could dig in and start using the autoconfigured EntityManager supplied by Spring Boot. By why do that, when we can declare a repository-based solution? To do so, we'll create an interface defining the operations we need. Check out this simple interface: package com.greglturnquist.learningspringboot; import org.springframework.data.repository.CrudRepository; public interface ChapterRepository extends CrudRepository<Chapter, Long> { } This declarative interface creates a Spring Data repository as follows: CrudRepository extends Repository, a Spring Data Commons marker interface that signals Spring Data to create a concrete implementation while also capturing domain information. CrudRepository, also from Spring Data Commons, has some pre-defined CRUD operations (save, delete, deleteAll, findOne, findAll). It specifies the entity type (Chapter) and the type of the primary key (Long). Spring Data JPA will automatically wire up a concrete implementation of our interface. Spring Data doesn't engage in code generation. Code generation has a sordid history of being out of date at some of the worst times. Instead, Spring Data uses proxies and other mechanisms to support all these operations. Never forget - the code you don't write has no bugs. With Chapter and ChapterRepository defined, we can now pre-load the database, as shown in the following code: package com.greglturnquist.learningspringboot; import org.springframework.boot.CommandLineRunner; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; @Configuration public class LoadDatabase { @Bean CommandLineRunner init(ChapterRepository repository) { return args -> { repository.save( new Chapter("Quick start with Java")); repository.save( new Chapter("Reactive Web with Spring Boot")); repository.save( new Chapter("...and more!")); }; } } This class will be automatically scanned in by Spring Boot and run in the following way: @Configuration marks this class as a source of beans. @Bean indicates that the return value of init() is a Spring Bean. In this case, a CommandLineRunner. Spring Boot runs all CommandLineRunner beans after the entire application is up and running. This bean definition is requesting a copy of the ChapterRepository. Using Java 8's ability to coerce the args → {} lambda function into a CommandLineRunner, we are able to write several save() operations, pre-loading our data. With this in place, all that's left is write a REST controller to serve up the data! package com.greglturnquist.learningspringboot; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; @RestController public class ChapterController { private final ChapterRepository repository; public ChapterController(ChapterRepository repository) { this.repository = repository; } @GetMapping("/chapters") public Iterable<Chapter> listing() { return repository.findAll(); } } This controller is able to serve up our data as follows: @RestController indicates this is another REST controller. Constructor injection is used to automatically load it with a copy of the ChapterRepository. With Spring, if there is a only one constructor call, there is no need to include an @Autowired annotation. @GetMapping tells Spring that this is the place to route /chapters calls. In this case, it returns the results of the findAll() call found in CrudRepository. If we re-launch our application and visit http://localhost:8080/chapters, we can see our pre-loaded data served up as a nicely formatted JSON document: It's not very elaborate, but this small collection of classes has helped us quickly define a slice of functionality. And if you'll notice, we spent zero effort configuring JSON converters, route handlers, embedded settings, or any other infrastructure. Spring Boot is designed to let us focus on functional needs, not low level plumbing. Summary So in this article we introduced the Spring Boot concept in brief and we rapidly crafted a Spring MVC application using the Spring stack on top of Apache Tomcat with little configuration from our end. Resources for Article: Further resources on this subject: Writing Custom Spring Boot Starters [article] Modernizing our Spring Boot app [article] Introduction to Spring Framework [article]

In this article by Manuel Guilbault, the author of the book Learning Aurelia, we will how Aurelia is such a modern framework. brainchild of Rob Eisenberg, father of Durandal, it is based on cutting edge Web standards, and is built on modern software architecture concepts and ideas, to offer a powerful toolset and an awesome developer experience. (For more resources related to this topic, see here.) This article will teach you how Aurelia works, and how you can use it to build real-world applications from A to Z. In fact, while reading the article and following the examples, that’s exactly what you will do. You will start by setting up your development environment and creating the project, then I will walk you through concepts such as routing, templating, data-binding, automated testing, internationalization, and bundling. We will discuss application design, communication between components, and integration of third parties. We will cover every topic most modern, real-world single-page applications require. In this first article, we will start by defining some terms that will be used throughout the article. We will quickly cover some core Aurelia concepts. Then we will take a look at the core Aurelia libraries and see how they interact with each other to form a complete, full-featured framework. We will see also what tools are needed to develop an Aurelia application and how to install them. Finally, we will start creating our application and explore its global structure. Terminology As this article is about a JavaScript framework, JavaScript plays a central role in it. If you are not completely up to date with the terminology, which has changed a lot in the last few years, let me clear things up. JavaScript (or JS) is a dialect, or implementation, of the ECMAScript (ES) standard. It is not the only implementation, but it definitely is the most popular. In this article, I will use the JS acronym to talk about actual JavaScript code or code files and the ES acronym when talking about an actual version of the ECMAScript standard. Like everything in computer programing, the ECMAScript standard evolves over time. At the moment of writing, the latest version is ES2016 and was published in June 2016. It was originally called ES7, but TC39, the committee drafting the specification, decided to change their approval and naming model, hence the new name. The previous version, named ES2015 (ES6) before the naming model changed, was published in June 2015 and was a big step forward as compared to the version before it. This older version, named ES5, was published in 2009 and was the most recent version for 6 years, so it is now widely supported by all modern browsers. If you have been writing JavaScript in the last five years, you should be familiar with ES5. When they decided to change the ES naming model, the TC39 committee also chose to change the specification’s approval model. This decision was made in an effort to publish new versions of the language at a quicker pace. As such, new features are being drafted and discussed by the community, and must pass through an approval process. Each year, a new version of the specification will be released, comprising the features that were approved during the year. Those upcoming features are often referred to as ESNext. This term encompasses language features that are approved or at least pretty close to approval but not yet published. It can be reasonable to expect that most or at least some of those features will be published in the next language version. As ES2015 and ES2016 are still recent things, they are not fully supported by most browsers. Moreover, ESNext features have typically no browser support at all. Those multiple names can be pretty confusing. To make things simpler, I will stick with the official names ES5 for the previous version, ES2016 for the current version and ESNext for the next version. Before going any further, you should make yourself familiar with the features introduced by ES2016 and with ESNext decorators, if you are not already. We will use these features throughout the article. If you don’t know where to start with ES2015 and ES2016, you can find a great overview of the new features on Babel’s website: https://babeljs.io/docs/learn-es2015/ As for ESNext decorators, Addy Osmani, a Google engineer, explained them pretty well: https://medium.com/google-developers/exploring-es7-decorators-76ecb65fb841 For further reading, you can take a look at the feature proposals (decorators, class property declarations, async functions, and so on) for future ES versions: https://github.com/tc39/proposals Core concepts Before we start getting our hands dirty, there are a couple of core concepts that need to be explained. Conventions First, Aurelia relies a lot on conventions. Most of those conventions are configurable, and can be changed if they don’t suit your needs. Each time we’ll encounter a convention throughout the article, we will see how to change it whenever possible. Components Components are a first class citizen of Aurelia. What is an Aurelia component? It is a pair made of an HTML template, called the view, and a JavaScript class, called the view-model. The view is responsible for displaying the component, while the view-model controls its data and behavior. Typically, the view sits in an .html file and the view-model in a .js file. By convention, those two files are bound through a naming rule, they must be in the same directory and have the same name (except for their extension, of course). Here’s an example of an empty component with no data, no behavior, and a static template: component.js export class MyComponent {} component.html <template> <p>My component</p> </template> A component must comply with two constraints, a view’s root HTML element must be the template element, and the view-model class must be exported from the .js file. As a rule of thumb, the only function that should be exported by a component’s JS file should be the view-model class. If multiple classes or functions are exported, Aurelia will iterate on the file’s exported functions and classes and will use the first it finds as the view-model. However, since the enumeration order of an object’s keys is not deterministic as per the ES specification, nothing guarantees that the exports will be iterated in the same order they were declared, so Aurelia may pick the wrong class as the component’s view-model. The only exception to that rule is some view resources In addition to its view-model class, a component’s JS file can export things like value converters, binding behaviors, and custom attributes basically any view resource that can’t have a view, which excludes custom elements. Components are the main building blocks of an Aurelia application. Components can use other components; they can be composed to form bigger or more complex components. Thanks to the slot mechanism, you can design a component’s template so parts of it can be replaced or customized. Architecture Aurelia is not your average monolithic framework. It is a set of loosely coupled libraries with well-defined abstractions. Each of its core libraries solves a specific and well-defined problem common to single-page applications. Aurelia leverages dependency injection and a plugin architecture so you can discard parts of the framework and replace them with third-party or even your own implementations. Or you can just throw away features you don’t need so your application is lighter and faster to load. The core Aurelia libraries can be divided into multiple categories. Let’s have a quick glance. Core features The following libraries are mostly independent and can be used by themselves if needed. They each provide a focused set of features and are at the core of Aurelia: aurelia-dependency-injection: A lightweight yet powerful dependency injection container. It supports multiple lifetime management strategies and child containers. aurelia-logging: A simple logger, supporting log levels and pluggable consumers. aurelia-event-aggregator: A lightweight message bus, used for decoupled communication. aurelia-router: A client-side router, supporting static, parameterized or wildcard routes, and child routers. aurelia-binding: An adaptive and pluggable data-binding library. aurelia-templating: An extensible HTML templating engine. Abstraction layers The following libraries mostly define interfaces and abstractions in order to decouple concerns and enable extensibility and pluggable behaviors. This does not mean that some of the libraries in the previous section do not expose their own abstractions besides their features. Some of them do. But the libraries described in the current section have almost no other purpose than defining abstractions: aurelia-loader: An abstraction defining an interface for loading JS modules, views, and other resources. aurelia-history: An abstraction defining an interface for history management used by routing. aurelia-pal: An abstraction for platform-specific capabilities. It is used to abstract away the platform on which the code is running, such as a browser or Node.js. Indeed, this means that some Aurelia libraries can be used on the server side. Default implementations The following libraries are the default implementations of abstractions exposed by libraries from the two previous sections: aurelia-loader-default: An implementation of the aurelia-loader abstraction for SystemJS and require-based loaders. aurelia-history-browser: An implementation of the aurelia-history abstraction based on standard browser hash change and push state mechanisms. aurelia-pal-browser: An implementation of the aurelia-pal abstraction for the browser. aurelia-logging-console: An implementation of the aurelia-logging abstraction for the browser console. Integration layers The following libraries’ purpose is to integrate some of the core libraries together. They provide interface implementations and adapters, along with default configuration or behaviors: aurelia-templating-router: An integration layer between the aurelia-router and the aurelia-templating libraries. aurelia-templating-binding: An integration layer between the aurelia-templating and the aurelia-binding libraries. aurelia-framework: An integration layer that brings together all of the core Aurelia libraries into a full-featured framework. aurelia-bootstrapper: An integration layer that brings default configuration for aurelia-framework and handles application starting. Additional tools and plugins If you take a look at Aurelia’s organization page on GitHub at https://github.com/aurelia, you will see many more repositories. The libraries listed in the previous sections are just the core of Aurelia—the tip of the iceberg, if I may. Many other libraries exposing additional features or integrating third-party libraries are available on GitHub, some of them developed and maintained by the Aurelia team, many others by the community. I strongly suggest that you explore the Aurelia ecosystem by yourself after reading this article, as it is rapidly growing, and the Aurelia community is doing some very exciting things. Tooling In the following section, we will go over the tools needed to develop our Aurelia application. Node.js and NPM Aurelia being a JavaScript framework, it just makes sense that its development tools are also in JavaScript. This means that the first thing you need to do when getting started with Aurelia is to install Node.js and NPM on your development environment. Node.js is a server-side runtime environment based on Google’s V8 JavaScript engine. It can be used to build complete websites or web APIs, but it is also used by a lot of front-end projects to perform development and build tasks, such as transpiling, linting, and minimizing. NPM is the de facto package manager for Node.js. It uses http://www.npmjs.com as its main repository, where all available packages are stored. It is bundled with Node.js, so if you install Node.js on your computer, NPM will also be installed. To install Node.js and NPM on your development environment, you simply need to go to https://nodejs.org/ and download the proper installer suiting your environment. If Node.js and NPM are already installed, I strongly recommend that you make sure to use at least the version 3 of NPM, as older versions may have issues collaborating with some of the other tools we’ll use. If you are not sure which version you have, you can check it by running the following command in a console: > npm –v If Node.js and NPM are already installed but you need to upgrade NPM, you can do so by running the following command: > npm install npm -g The Aurelia CLI Even though an Aurelia application can be built using any package manager, build system, or bundler you want, the preferred tool to manage an Aurelia project is the command line interface, a.k.a. the CLI. At the moment of writing, the CLI only supports NPM as its package manager and requirejs as its module loader and bundler, probably because they both are the most mature and stable. It also uses Gulp 4 behind the scene as its build system. CLI-based applications are always bundled when running, even in development environments. This means that the performance of an application during development will be very close to what it should be like in production. This also means that bundling is a recurring concern, as new external libraries must be added to some bundle in order to be available at runtime. In this article, we’ll stick with the preferred solution and use the CLI. There are however two appendices at the end of the article covering alternatives, a first for Webpack, and a second for SystemJS with JSPM. Installing the CLI The CLI being a command line tool, it should be installed globally, by opening a console and executing the following command: > npm install -g aurelia-cli You may have to run this command with administrator privileges, depending on your environment. If you already have it installed, make sure you have the latest version, by running the following command: > au -v You can then compare the version this command outputs with the latest version number tagged on GitHub, at https://github.com/aurelia/cli/releases/latest. If you don’t have the latest version, you can simply update it by running the following command: > npm install -g aurelia-cli If for some reason the command to update the CLI fails, simply uninstall then reinstall it: > npm uninstall aurelia-cli -g > npm install aurelia-cli -g This should reinstall the latest version. The project skeletons As an alternative to the CLI, project skeletons are available at https://github.com/aurelia/skeleton-navigation. This repository contains multiple sample projects, sitting on different technologies such as SystemJS with JSPM, Webpack, ASP .Net Core, or TypeScript. Prepping up a skeleton is easy. You simply need to download and unzip the archive from GitHub or clone the repository locally. Each directory contains a distinct skeleton. Depending on which one you chose, you’ll need to install different tools and run setup commands. Generally, the instructions in the skeleton’s README.md file are pretty clear. Our application Creating an Aurelia application using the CLI is extremely simple. You just need to open a console in the directory where you want to create your project and run the following command: > au new The CLI’s project creation process will start, and you should see something like this: The first thing the CLI will ask for is the name you want to give to your project. This name will be used both to create the directory in which the project will live and to set some values, such as the name property in the package.json file it will create. Let’s name our application learning-aurelia: Next, the CLI asks what technologies we want to use to develop our application. Here, you can select a custom transpiler such as TypeScript and a CSS preprocessor such as LESS or SASS. Transpiler: Little cousin of the compiler, it translates one programming language into another. In our case, it will be used to transform ESNext code, which may not be supported by all browsers, into ES5, which is understood by all modern browsers. The default choice is to use ESNext and plain CSS, and this is what we will choose: The following steps simply recap the choices we made and ask for confirmation to create the project, then ask if we want to install our project’s dependencies which it does by default. At this point, the CLI will create the project and run an npm install behind the scene. Once it completes, our application is ready to roll: At this point, the directory you ran au new in will contain a new directory named learning-aurelia. This sub-directory will contain the Aurelia project. We’ll explore it a bit in the following section. The CLI is likely to change and offer more options in the future, as there are plans to support additional tools and technologies. Don’t be surprised if you see different or new options when you run it. The path we followed to create our project uses Visual Studio Code as the default code editor. If you want to use another editor such as Atom, Sublime, or WebStorm, which are the other supported options at the moment of writing, you simply need to select option #3 custom transpilers, CSS pre-processors and more at the beginning of the creation process, then select the default answer for each question until asked to select your default code editor. The rest of the creation process should stay pretty much the same. Note that if you select a different code editor, your own experience may differ from the examples and screenshots you’ll find in this article, as Visual Studio Code is the editor that was used during writing. If you are a TypeScript developer, you may want to create a TypeScript project. I however recommend that you stick with plain ESNext, as every example and code sample in this article has been written in JS. Trying to follow with TypeScript may prove cumbersome, although you can try if you like the challenge. The Structure of a CLI-Based Project If you open the newly created project in a code editor, you should see the following file structure: node_modules: The standard NPM directory containing the project’s dependencies; src: The directory containing the application’s source code; test: The directory containing the application’s automated test suites. .babelrc: The configuration file for Babel, which is used by the CLI to transpile our application’s ESNext code into ES5 so most browsers can run it; index.html: The HTML page that loads and launches the application; karma.conf.js: The configuration file for Karma, which is used by the CLI to run unit tests; package.json: The standard Node.js project file. The directory contains other files such as .editorconfig, .eslintrc.json, and .gitignore that are of little interest to learn Aurelia, so we won’t cover them. In addition to all of this, you should see a directory named aurelia_project. This directory contains things related to the building and bundling of the application using the CLI. Let’s see what it’s made of. The aurelia.json file The first thing of importance in this directory is a file named aurelia.json. This file contains the configuration used by the CLI to test, build, and bundle the application. This file can change drastically depending on the choices you make during the project creation process. There are very few scenarios where this file needs to be modified by hand. Adding an external library to the application is such a scenario. Apart from this, this file should mostly never be updated manually. The first interesting section in this file is the platform: "platform": { "id": "web", "displayName": "Web", "output": "scripts", "index": "index.html" }, This section tells the CLI that the output directory where the bundles are written is named scripts. It also tells that the HTML index page, which will load and launch the application, is the index.html file. The next interesting part is the transpiler section: "transpiler": { "id": "babel", "displayName": "Babel", "fileExtension": ".js", "options": { "plugins": [ "transform-es2015-modules-amd" ] }, "source": "src/**/*.js" }, This section tells the CLI to transpile the application’s source code using Babel. It also defines additional plugins as some are already configured in .babelrc to be used when transpiling the source code. In this case, it adds a plugin that will output transpiled files as AMD-compliant modules, for requirejs compatibility. Tasks The aurelia_project directory contains a subdirectory named tasks. This subdirectory contains various Gulp tasks to build, run, and test the application. These tasks can be executed using the CLI. The first thing you can try is to run au without any argument: > au This will list all available commands, along with their available arguments. This list includes built-in commands such as new, which we used already, or generate, which we’ll see in the next section along with the Gulp tasks declared in the tasks directory. To run one of those tasks, simply execute au with the name of the task as its first argument: > au build This command will run the build task which is defined in aurelia_project/tasks/build.js. This task transpiles the application code using Babel, executes the CSS and markup preprocessors if any, and bundles the code in the scripts directory. After running it, you should see two new files in scripts: app-bundle.js and vendor-bundle.js. Those are the actual files that will be loaded by index.html when the application is launched. The former contains all application code both JS files and templates, while the later contains all external libraries used by the application including Aurelia libraries. You may have noticed a command named run in the list of available commands. This task is defined in aurelia_project/tasks/run.js, and executes the build task internally before spawning a local HTTP server to serve the application: > au run By default, the HTTP server will listen for requests on the port 9000, so you can open your favorite browser and go to http://localhost:9000/ to see the default, demo application in action. If you ever need to change the port number on which the development HTTP server runs, you just need to open aurelia_project/tasks/run.js, and locate the call to the browserSync function. The object passed to this function contains a property named port. You can change its value accordingly. The run task can accept a --watch switch: > au run --watch If this switch is present, the task will keep monitoring the source code and, when any code file changes, will rebuild the application and automatically refresh the browser. This can be pretty useful during development. Generators The CLI also offers a way to generate code, using classes defined in the aurelia_project/generators directory. At the moment of writing, there are generators to create custom attributes, custom elements, binding behaviors, value converters, and even tasks and generators, yes, there is a generator to generate generators. If you are not familiar with Aurelia at all, most of those concepts, value converters, binding behaviors, and custom attributes and elements probably mean nothing to you. Don’t worry. A generator can be executed using the built-in generate command: > au generate attribute This command will run the custom attribute generator. It will ask for the name of the attribute to generate then create it in the src/resources/attributes directory. If you take a look at this generator which is found in aurelia_project/generators/attribute.js, you’ll see that the file exports a single class named AttributeGenerator. This class uses the @inject decorator to declare various classes from the aurelia-cli library as dependencies and have instances of them injected in its constructor. It also defines an execute method, which is called by the CLI when running the generator. This method leverages the services provided by aurelia-cli to interact with the user and generate code files. The exact generator names available by default are attribute, element, binding-behavior, value-converter, task, and generator. Environments CLI-based applications support environment-specific configuration values. By default, the CLI supports three environments—development, staging, and production. The configuration object for each of these environments can be found in the different files dev.js, stage.js, and prod.js located in the aurelia_project/environments directory. A typical environment file looks like this: aurelia_project/environments/dev.js export default { debug: true, testing: true }; By default, the environment files are used to enable debugging logging and test-only templating features in the Aurelia framework depending on the environment we’ll see this in a next section. The environment objects can however be enhanced with whatever properties you may need. Typically, it could be used to configure different URLs for a backend, depending on the environment. Adding a new environment is simply a matter of adding a file for it in the aurelia_project/environments directory. For example, you can add a local environment by creating a local.js file in the directory. Many tasks, basically build and all other tasks using it, such as run and test expect an environment to be specified using the env argument: > au build --env prod Here, the application will be built using the prod.js environment file. If no env argument is provided, dev will be used by default. When executed, the build task just copies the proper environment file to src/environment.js before running the transpiler and bundling the output. This means that src/environment.js should never be modified by hand, as it will be automatically overwritten by the build task. The Structure of an Aurelia application The previous section described the files and folders that are specific to a CLI-based project. However, some parts of the project are pretty much the same whatever the build system and package manager are. These are the more global topics we will see in this section. The hosting page The first entry point of an Aurelia application is the HTML page loading and hosting it. By default, this page is named index.html and is located at the root of the project. The default hosting page looks like this: index.html <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Aurelia</title> </head> <body aurelia-app="main"> <script src="scripts/vendor-bundle.js" data-main="aurelia-bootstrapper"></script> </body> </html> When this page loads, the script element inside the body element loads the scripts/vendor-bundle.js file, which contains requirejs itself along with definitions for all external libraries and references to app-bundle.js. When loading, requirejs checks the data-main attribute and uses its value as the entry point module. Here, aurelia-bootstrapper kicks in. The bootstrapper first looks in the DOM for elements with the aurelia-app attribute, we can find such an attribute on the body element in the default index.html file. This attribute identifies elements acting as application viewports. The bootstrapper uses the attribute’s value as the name of the application’s main module and locates the module, loads it, and renders the resulting DOM inside the element, overwriting any previous content. The application is now running. Even though the default application doesn’t illustrate this scenario, it is possible for an HTML file to host multiple Aurelia applications. It just needs to contain multiple elements with an aurelia-app attribute, each element referring to its own main module. The main module By convention, the main module referred to by the aurelia-app attribute is named main, and as such is located under src/main.js. This file is expected to export a configure function, which will be called by the Aurelia bootstrapping process and will be passed a configuration object used to configure and boot the framework. By default, the main configure function looks like this: src/main.js import environment from './environment'; export function configure(aurelia) { aurelia.use .standardConfiguration() .feature('resources'); if (environment.debug) { aurelia.use.developmentLogging(); } if (environment.testing) { aurelia.use.plugin('aurelia-testing'); } aurelia.start().then(() => aurelia.setRoot()); } The configure function starts by telling Aurelia to use its defaults configuration, and to load the resources feature. It also conditionally loads the development logging plugin based on the environment’s debug property, and the testing plugin based on the environment’s testing property. This means that, by default, both plugins will be loaded in development, while none will be loaded in production. Lastly, the function starts the framework then attaches the root component to the DOM. The start method returns a Promise, whose resolution triggers the call to setRoot. If you are not familiar with Promises in JavaScript, I strongly suggest that you look it up before going any further, as they are a core concept in Aurelia. The root component At the root of any Aurelia application is a single component, which contains everything within the application. By convention, this root component is named app. It is composed of two files—app.html, which contains the template to render the component, and app.js, which contains its view-model class. In the default application, the template is extremely simple: src/app.html <template> <h1>${message}</h1> </template> This template is made of a single h1 element, which will contain the value of the view-model’s message property as text, thanks to string interpolation. The app view-model looks like this: src/app.js export class App { constructor() { this.message = 'Hello World!'; } } This file simply exports a class having a message property containing the string “Hello World!”. This component will be rendered when the application starts. If you run the application and navigate to the application in your favorite browser, you’ll see a h1 element containing “Hello World!”. You may notice that there is no reference to Aurelia in this component’s code. In fact, the view-model is just plain ESNext and it can be used by Aurelia as is. Of course, we’re going to leverage many Aurelia features in many of our view-models later on, so most of our view-models will in fact have dependencies on Aurelia libraries, but the key point here is that you don’t have to use any Aurelia library in your view-models if you don’t want to, because Aurelia is designed to be as less intrusive as possible. Conventional bootstrapping It is possible to leave the aurelia-app attribute empty in the hosting page: <body aurelia-app> In such a case, the bootstrapping process is much simpler. Instead of loading a main module containing a configure function, the bootstrapper will simply use the framework’s default configuration and load the app component as the application root. This can be a simpler way to get started for a very simple application, as it negates the need for the src/main.js file you can simply delete it. However, it means that you are stuck with the default framework configuration. You cannot load features nor plugins. For most real-life applications, you’ll need to keep the main module, which means specifying it as the aurelia-app attribute’s value. Customizing Aurelia configuration The configure function of the main module receives a configuration object, which is used to configure the framework: src/main.js //Omitted snippet… aurelia.use .standardConfiguration() .feature('resources'); if (environment.debug) { aurelia.use.developmentLogging(); } if (environment.testing) { aurelia.use.plugin('aurelia-testing'); } //Omitted snippet… Here, the standardConfiguration() method is a simple helper that encapsulates the following: aurelia.use .defaultBindingLanguage() .defaultResources() .history() .router() .eventAggregator(); This is the default Aurelia configuration. It loads the default binding language, the default templating resources, the browser history plugin, the router plugin, and the event aggregator. This is the default set of features that a typical Aurelia application uses. All those plugins will be covered at one point or another throughout this article. All those plugins are optional except the binding language, which is needed by the templating engine. If you don’t need one, just don’t load it. In addition to the standard configuration, some plugins are loaded depending on the environment’s settings. When the environment’s debug property is true, Aurelia’s console logger is loaded using the developmentLogging() method, so traces and errors can be seen in the browser console. When the environment’s testing property is true, the aurelia-testing plugin is loaded using the plugin method. This plugin registers some resources that are useful when debugging components. The last line in the configure function starts the application and displays its root component, which is named app by convention. You may, however, bypass the convention and pass the name of your root component as the first argument to setRoot, if you named it otherwise: aurelia.start().then(() => aurelia.setRoot('root')); Here, the root component is expected to sit in the src/root.html and src/root.js files. Summary Getting started with Aurelia is very easy, thanks to the CLI. Installing the tooling and creating an empty project is simply a matter of running a couple of commands, and it takes typically more time waiting for the initial npm install to complete than doing the actual setup. We’ll go over dependency injection and logging, and we’ll start building our application by adding components and configuring routes to navigate between them. Resources for Article: Further resources on this subject: Introduction to JavaScript [article] Breaking into Microservices Architecture [article] Create Your First React Element [article]

In this post, I will share with you my experience in designing and coding an extensible chat bot using YAML and JavaScript. I will show you that it's not always required to use AI, ML, or NPL to make a great bot. This won't be a step-by-step guide. My goal is to give you an overview of a project like this and inspire you to build your own. Getting Started The concept I will offer you consists of creating a collection of YAML scripts that will represent all the possible conversations that the bot can handle. When a new conversation starts, the YAML code gets converted to a JavaScript object that we can easily manage in Node.js. I have used WebSockets implemented with socket.io to transmit the messages back and forth. First, we need to agree on a set of commands that can be used to create the YAML scripts, let’s start with some essentials: messages: To send an array of messages from the bot to the user input: To ask the user for some data next: The action we want to perform next within the script script: The next script that will follow in the conversation with the user when, empty, not-empty: conditional statements YAML script example A sample script will look like the following:   Link to the gist Then we need to implement those commands in our bot engine. The Bot engine Using the WebSockets I send to the bot the name of the script that I want to play, the bot engine loads it and converts it to a JavaScript object. If the client doesn't know which script to play first, it can call a default script called “hello” that will introduce the bot. In each script, the first action to run will be the one with index 0. As per the example above, the first thing the bot will do is sending two messages to the user:   With the command next we jump to the next block, index = 1. Again we send another message and immediately after an input request.   At this point, the client receives the input request and allows the user to type the answer. Submitted the value, we send the data back to the bot that will append the information to a key-value store, where all data is received from the user live and is accessible via a key (for example,user_name). Using the when statement, we define conditional branches of the conversation. When dealing with data validation this is often this case. In the example, we want to make sure to get a valid name from the user, so if the value received is empty, we jump back in the script and ask for it again, continuing with the following steponly when the name is valid. Finally, the bot will send a message, this time containing a variable previously received and stored in the key-value store.   In the next script, we will see how to handle multiple choice and buttons, to allow the user to make a decision.   Link to the gist The conversation will start with a message from the bot,followed by an input request, with input type set as buttons_single_select which in the in client it translates to “display multiple buttons” using an array of options received with the input request:   When the user clicks on one of the options, the UI sends back the choice of the user to the bot which will eventually match it with one of the existing branches. Found the correct branch the bot engine will look for the next command to run, in this case is another another input request, this time expecting to receive an image from the client.   Once the file has been sent, the conversation ends just after the bot sends a last message confirming the file got uploaded successfully. Using YAML gives you the flexibility to build many different conversations and also allows you to easily implement A/B testing of your conversation. Implementing the bot engine with JavaScript / Node.js To build something able to play the YAML scripts above, you need to iterate the script commands until you find an explicit end command. It’s very important to keep in memory the index of current command in progress, so that you can move on as soon as the current task completes. When you meet a new command, you should pass it to a resolver that knows what each command does and is able to run the specific portion of code or function. Additionally, you will need a function that listens to the input received from the clients, validating and saving it into a key-value store. Extending the command set This approach allows you to create a large set of commands, that do different things including queries, Ajax requests, API calls to external services, etc. You can combine your command with a when statement so that a callback or promise can evolve in its specific branch depending on the result you got. Conclusion If you are wondering where the demo images come from, they are a screenshot of a React view built with the help of devices.css, a CSS package that provides the flat shape of iPhone, Android, and Windows phones in different colors only using pure CSS. I have built this view to test the bot, using socket.io-client for the WebSockets and React for the UI. This is not just a proof of concept; I am working on a project where we have currently implemented this logic. I invite you to review, think about it and leave a feedback. Thanks! About the author Andrea Falzetti is an enthusiastic full-stack developer based in London. He has been designing and developing web applications for over 5 years. He is currently focused on node.js, react, microservices architecture, serverless, conversational UI, chat bots and machine learning. He is currently working at Activate Media, where his role is to estimate, design and lead the development of web and mobile platforms.

In this article by Steven F. Daniel, author of the book Mastering Xamarin UI Development, you will learn how to build stunning, maintainable, cross-platform mobile application user interfaces with the power of Xamarin. In this article, we will cover the following topics: Understanding the MVVM pattern architecture Implement the MVVM ViewModels within the app (For more resources related to this topic, see here.) Understanding the MVVM pattern architecture In this section we will be taking a look at the MVVM pattern architecture and the communication between the components that make up the architecture. The MVVM design pattern is designed to control the separation between the user interfaces (Views), the ViewModels that contain the actual binding to the Model, and the models that contain the actual structure of the entities representing information stored on a database or from a web service. The following screenshot shows the communication between each of the components contained within the MVVM design pattern architecture: The MVVM design pattern is divided into three main areas, as you can see from the preceding screenshot and these are explained in the following table: MVVM type Description Model The Model is basically a representation of business related entities used by an application, and is responsible for fetching data from either a database, or web service, and then de-serialized to the entities contained within the Model. View The View component of the MVVM model basically represents the actual screens that make up the application, along with any custom control components, and control elements, such as buttons, labels, and text fields. The Views contained within the MVVM pattern are platform-specific and are dependent on the platform APIs that are used to render the information that is contained within the application's user interface. ViewModel The ViewModel essentially controls, and manipulates the Views by acting as their main data context. The ViewModel contains a series of properties that are bound to the information contained within each Model, and those properties are then bound to each of the Views to represent this information within the user interface. ViewModels can also contain command objects that provide action-based events that can trigger the execution of event methods that occur within the View. For example, when the user taps on a toolbar item, or a button. ViewModels generally implement the INotifyPropertyChanged interface. Such a class fires a PropertyChanged event whenever one of their properties change. The data binding mechanism in Xamarin.Forms attaches a handler to this PropertyChanged event so it can be notified when a property changes and keep the target updated with the new value. Now that you have a good understanding of the components that are contained within MVVM design pattern architecture, we can begin to create our entity models and update our user interface files. In Xamarin.Forms, the term View is used to describe form controls, such as buttons and labels, and uses the term Page to describe the user interface or screen. Whereas, in MVVM, Views are used to describe the user interface, or screen. Implementing the MVVM ViewModels within your app In this section, we will begin by setting up the basic structure for our TrackMyWalks solution to include the folder that will be used to represent our ViewModels. Let's take a look at how we can achieve this, by following the steps: Launch the Xamarin Studio application and ensure that the TrackMyWalks solution is loaded within the Xamarin Studio IDE. Next, create a new folder within the TrackMyWalks PCL project, called ViewModels as shown in the following screenshot: Creating the WalkBaseViewModel for the TrackMyWalks app In this section, we will begin by creating a base MVVM ViewModel that will be used by each of our ViewModels when we create these, and then the Views (pages) will implement those ViewModels and use them as their BindingContext. Let's take a look at how we can achieve this, by following the steps: Create an empty class within the ViewModels folder, shown in the following screenshot: Next, choose the Empty Class option located within the General section, and enter in WalkBaseViewModel for the name of the new class file to create, as shown in the following screenshot: Next, click on the New button to allow the wizard to proceed and create the new empty class file, as shown in the preceding screenshot. Up until this point, all we have done is create our WalkBaseViewModel class file. This abstract class will act as the base ViewModel class that will contain the basic functionality that each of our ViewModels will inherit from. As we start to build the base class, you will see that it contains a couple of members and it will implement the INotifyPropertyChangedInterface,. As we progress through this article, we will build to this class, which will be used by the TrackMyWalks application. To proceed with creating the base ViewModel class, perform the following step as shown: Ensure that the WalkBaseViewModel.cs file is displayed within the code editor, and enter in the following code snippet: // // WalkBaseViewModel.cs // TrackMyWalks Base ViewModel // // Created by Steven F. Daniel on 22/08/2016. // Copyright © 2016 GENIESOFT STUDIOS. All rights reserved. // using System.ComponentModel; using System.Runtime.CompilerServices; namespace TrackMyWalks.ViewModels { public abstract class WalkBaseViewModel : INotifyPropertyChanged { protected WalkBaseViewModel() { } public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged; protected virtual void OnPropertyChanged([CallerMemberName] string propertyName = null) { var handler = PropertyChanged; if (handler != null) { handler(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName)); } } } } In the preceding code snippet, we begin by creating a new abstract class for our WalkBaseViewModel that implements from the INotifyPropertyChanged interface class, that allows the View or page to be notified whenever properties contained within the ViewModel have changed. Next, we declare a variable PropertyChanged that inherits from the PropertyChangedEventHandler that will be used to indicate whenever properties on the object have changed. Finally, within the OnPropertyChanged method, this will be called when it has determined that a change has occurred on a property within the ViewModel from a child class. The INotifyPropertyChanged interface is used to notify clients, typically binding clients, when the value of a property has changed. Implementing the WalksPageViewModel In the previous section, we built our base class ViewModel for our TrackMyWalks application, and this will act as the main class that will allow our View or pages to be notified whenever changes to properties within the ViewModel have been changed. In this section, we will need to begin building the ViewModel for our WalksPage,. This model will be used to store the WalkEntries, which will later be used and displayed within the ListView on the WalksPage content page. Let's take a look at how we can achieve this, by following the steps: First, create a new class file within the ViewModels folder called WalksPageViewModel, as you did in the previous section, entitled Creating the WalkBaseViewModel located within this article. Next, ensure that the WalksPageViewModel.cs file is displayed within the code editor, and enter in the following code snippet: // // WalksPageViewModel.cs // TrackMyWalks ViewModels // // Created by Steven F. Daniel on 22/08/2016. // Copyright © 2016 GENIESOFT STUDIOS. All rights reserved. // using System.Collections.ObjectModel; using TrackMyWalks.Models; namespace TrackMyWalks.ViewModels { public class WalksPageViewModel : WalkBaseViewModel { ObservableCollection<WalkEntries> _walkEntries; public ObservableCollection<WalkEntries> walkEntries { get { return _walkEntries; } set { _walkEntries = value; OnPropertyChanged(); } } In the above code snippet, we begin by ensuring that our ViewModel inherits from the WalkBaseViewModel class. Next, we create an ObservableCollection variable _walkEntries which is very useful when you want to know when the collection has changed, and an event is triggered that will tell the user what entries have been added or removed from the WalkEntries model. In our next step, we create the ObservableCollection constructor WalkEntries, that is defined within the System.Collections.ObjectModel class, and accepts a List parameter containing our WalkEntries model. The WalkEntries property will be used to bind to the ItemSource property of the ListView within the WalksMainPage. Finally, we define the getter (get) and setter (set) methods that will return and set the content of our _walkEntries when it has been determined when a property has been modified or not. Next, locate the WalksPageViewModel class constructor, and enter the following highlighted code sections:         public WalksPageViewModel() { walkEntries = new ObservableCollection<WalkEntries>() { new WalkEntries { Title = "10 Mile Brook Trail, Margaret River", Notes = "The 10 Mile Brook Trail starts in the Rotary Park near Old Kate, a preserved steam " + "engine at the northern edge of Margaret River. ", Latitude = -33.9727604, Longitude = 115.0861599, Kilometers = 7.5, Distance = 0, Difficulty = "Medium", ImageUrl = "http://trailswa.com.au/media/cache/media/images/trails/_mid/" + "FullSizeRender1_600_480_c1.jpg" }, new WalkEntries { Title = "Ancient Empire Walk, Valley of the Giants", Notes = "The Ancient Empire is a 450 metre walk trail that takes you around and through some of " + "the giant tingle trees including the most popular of the gnarled veterans, known as " + "Grandma Tingle.", Latitude = -34.9749188, Longitude = 117.3560796, Kilometers = 450, Distance = 0, Difficulty = "Hard", ImageUrl = "http://trailswa.com.au/media/cache/media/images/trails/_mid/" + "Ancient_Empire_534_480_c1.jpg" }, }; } } } In the preceding code snippet, we began by creating a new ObservableCollection for our walkEntries method and then added each of the walk list items that we would like to store within our model. As each item is added, the ObservableCollection, constructor is called, and the setter (set) method is invoked to add the item, and then the INotifyPropertyChanged event will be triggered to notify that a change has occurred. Summary In this article, you learned about the MVVM pattern architecture; we also implemented the MVVM ViewModels within the app. Additionally, we created and implemented the WalkBaseViewModel for the TrackMyWalks application. Resources for Article: Further resources on this subject: A cross-platform solution with Xamarin.Forms and MVVM architecture [article] Building a Gallery Application [article] Heads up to MvvmCross [article]

Web scraping is a necessary evil that takes unordered information from the Web and transforms it into something that can be used programmatically. The first big use of this was indexing websites for use in search engines like Google. Whether you like it or not, there will likely be a time in your life, career, academia, or personal projects where you will need to pull information that has no API or easy way to digest programatically. The simplest way to accomplish this is to do something along the lines of a curl request and then RegEx for the necessary information. That has been what the standard procedure for much of the history of web scraping until the single-page application came along. With the advent of Ajax, JavaScript became the mainstay of the Web and prevented much of it from being scraped with traditional methods such as curl that could only get static server rendered content. This is where Electron truly comes into play because it is a full-fledged browser but can be run programmatically. Electron's Advantages Electron goes beyond the abilities of other programmatic browser solutions: PhantomJS, SlimerJS, or Selenium. This is because Electron is more than just a headless browser or automation framework. PhantomJS (and by extension SlimerJS), run headlessly only preventing most debugging and because they have their own JavaScript engines, they are not 100% compatible with node and npm. Selenium, used for automating other browsers, can be a bit of a pain to set up because it requires setting up a central server and separately installing a browser you would like to scrape with. On the other hand, Electron can do all the above and more which makes it much easier to setup, run, and debug as you start to create your scraper. Applications of Electron Considering the flexibility of Electron and all the features it provides, it is poised to be used in a variety of development, testing, and data collection situations. As far as development goes, Electron provides all the features that Chrome does with its DevTools, making it easy to inspect, run arbitrary JavaScript, and put debugger statements. Testing can easily be done on websites that may have issues with bugs in browsers, but work perfectly in a different environment. These tests can easily be hooked up to a continuous integration server too. Data collection, the real reason we are all here, can be done on any type of website, including those with logins, using a familiar API with DevTools for inspection, and optionally run headlessly for automation. What more could one want? How to Scrape with Electron Because of Electron's ability to integrate with Node, there are many different npm modules at your disposal. This takes doing most of the leg work of automating the web scraping process and makes development a breeze. My personal favorite, nightmare, has never let me down. I have used it for tons of different projects from collecting info and automating OAuth processes to grabbing console errors, and also taking screenshots for visual inspection of entire websites and services. Packt's blog actually gives a perfect situation to use a web scraper. On the blog page, you will find a small single-page application that dynamically loads different blog posts using JavaScript. Using Electron, let's collect the latest blog posts so that we can use that information elsewhere. Full disclosure, Packt's Blog server-side renders the first page and could possibly be scraped using traditional methods. This won't be the case for all single-page applications. Prerequisites and Assumptions Following this guide, I assume that you already have Node (version 6+) and npm (version 3+) installed and that you are using some form of a Unix shell. I also assume that you are already inside a directory to do some coding in. Setup First of all, you will need to install some npm modules, so create a package.json like this: { "scripts": { "start": "DEBUG=nightmare babel-node ./main.js" }, "devDependencies": { "babel-cli": "6.18.0", "babel-preset-modern-node": "3.2.0", "babel-preset-stage-0": "6.16.0" }, "dependencies": { "nightmare": "2.8.1" }, "babel": { "presets": [ [ "modern-node", { "version": "6.0" } ], "stage-0" ] } } Using babel we can make use of some of the newer JavaScript utilities like async/await, making our code much more readable. nightmare has electron as a dependency, so there is no need to list that in our package.json (so easy). After this file is made, run npm install as usual. Investgating the Content to be Scraped First, we will need to identify the information we want to collect and how to get it: We go to here and we can see a page of different blog posts, but we are not sure of the order in which they are. We only want the latest and greatest, so let's change the sort order to "Date of Publication (New to Older)". Now we can see that we have only the blog posts that we want. Changing the sort order Next, to make it easier to collect more blog posts, change the number of blog posts shown from 12 to 48. Changing post view Last, but not least, are the blog posts themselves. Packt blog posts Next, we will figure the selectors that we will be using with nightmare to change the page and collect data: Inspecting the sort order selector, we find something like the following HTML: <div class="solr-pager-sort-selector"> <span>Sort By: &nbsp;</span> <select class="solr-page-sort-selector-select selectBox" style="display: none;"> <option value="" selected="">Relevance</option> <option value="ds_blog_release_date asc">Date of Publication (Older - Newer)</option> <option value="ds_blog_release_date desc">Date of Publication (Newer - Older)</option> <option value="sort_title asc">Title (A - Z)</option> <option value="sort_title desc">Title (Z - A)</option> </select> <a class="selectBox solr-page-sort-selector-select selectBox-dropdown" title="" tabindex="0" style="width: 243px; display: inline-block;"> <span class="selectBox-label" style="width: 220.2px;">Relevance</span> <span class="selectBox-arrow">▼</span> </a> </div> Checking out the "View" options, we see the following HTML: <div class="solr-pager-rows-selector"> <span>View: &nbsp;</span> <strong>12</strong> &nbsp; <a class="solr-page-rows-selector-option" data-rows="24">24</a> &nbsp; <a class="solr-page-rows-selector-option" data-rows="48">48</a> &nbsp; </div> Finally, the info we need from the post should look similar to this: <div class="packt-article-line-view float-left"> <div class="packt-article-line-view-image"> <a href="/books/content/mapt-v030-release-notes"> <noscript> &lt;img src="//d1ldz4te4covpm.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/imagecache/ppv4_article_thumb/Mapt FB PPC3_0.png" alt="" title="" class="bookimage imagecache imagecache-ppv4_article_thumb"/&gt; </noscript> <img src="//d1ldz4te4covpm.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/imagecache/ppv4_article_thumb/Mapt FB PPC3_0.png" alt="" title="" data-original="//d1ldz4te4covpm.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/imagecache/ppv4_article_thumb/Mapt FB PPC3_0.png" class="bookimage imagecache imagecache-ppv4_article_thumb" style="opacity: 1;"> <div class="packt-article-line-view-bg"></div> <div class="packt-article-line-view-title">Mapt v.0.3.0 Release Notes</div> </a> </div> <a href="/books/content/mapt-v030-release-notes"> <div class="packt-article-line-view-text ellipsis"> <div> <p>New features and fixes for the Mapt platform</p> </div> </div> </a> </div> Great! Now we have all the information necessary to start collecting data from the page! Creating the Scraper First things first, create a main.js file in the same directory as the package.json. Now let's put some initial code to get the ball rolling on the first step: import Nightmare from 'nightmare'; const URL_BLOG = 'https://www.packtpub.com/books/content/blogs'; const SELECTOR_SORT = '.selectBox.solr-page-sort-selector-select.selectBox-dropdown'; // Viewport must have a width at least 1040 for the desktop version of Packt's blog const nightmare = new Nightmare({ show: true }).viewport(1041, 800); (async() => { await nightmare .goto(URL_BLOG) .wait(SELECTOR_SORT) // Always good to wait before performing an action on an element .click(SELECTOR_SORT); })(); If you try to run this code, you will notice a window pop up with Packt's blog, then resize the window, and then nothing. This is because the sort selector only listens for mousedown events, so we will need to modify our code a little, by changing click to mousedown: await nightmare .goto(BLOG_URL) .wait(SELECTOR_SORT) // Always good to wait before performing an action on an element .mousedown(SELECTOR_SORT); Running the code again, after the mousedown, we get a small HTML dropdown, which we can inspect and see the following: <ul class="selectBox-dropdown-menu selectBox-options solr-page-sort-selector-select-selectBox-dropdown-menu selectBox-options-bottom" style="width: 274px; top: 354.109px; left: 746.188px; display: block;"> <li class="selectBox-selected"><a rel="">Relevance</a></li> <li class=""><a rel="ds_blog_release_date asc">Date of Publication (Older - Newer)</a></li> <li class=""><a rel="ds_blog_release_date desc">Date of Publication (Newer - Older)</a></li> <li class=""><a rel="sort_title asc">Title (A - Z)</a></li> <li class=""><a rel="sort_title desc">Title (Z - A)</a></li> </ul> So, to select the option to sort the blog posts by date, we will need to alter our code a little further (again, it does not work with click, so use mousedown plus mouseup): import Nightmare from 'nightmare'; const URL_BLOG = 'https://www.packtpub.com/books/content/blogs'; const SELECTOR_SORT = '.selectBox.solr-page-sort-selector-select.selectBox-dropdown'; const SELECTOR_SORT_OPTION = '.solr-page-sort-selector-select-selectBox-dropdown-menu > li > a[rel="ds_blog_release_date desc"]'; // Viewport must have a width at least 1040 for the desktop version of Packt's blog const nightmare = new Nightmare({ show: true }).viewport(1041, 800); (async() => { await nightmare .goto(URL_BLOG) .wait(SELECTOR_SORT) // Always good to wait before performing an action on an element .mousedown(SELECTOR_SORT) .wait(SELECTOR_SORT_OPTION) .mousedown(SELECTOR_SORT_OPTION) // Drop down menu doesn't listen for `click` events like normal... .mouseup(SELECTOR_SORT_OPTION); })(); Awesome! We can clearly see the page reload, with posts from newest to oldest. After we have sorted everything, we need to change the number of blog posts shown (finally we can use click; lol!): import Nightmare from 'nightmare'; const URL_BLOG = 'https://www.packtpub.com/books/content/blogs'; const SELECTOR_SORT = '.selectBox.solr-page-sort-selector-select.selectBox-dropdown'; const SELECTOR_SORT_OPTION = '.solr-page-sort-selector-select-selectBox-dropdown-menu > li > a[rel="ds_blog_release_date desc"]'; const SELECTOR_VIEW = '.solr-page-rows-selector-option[data-rows="48"]'; // Viewport must have a width at least 1040 for the desktop version of Packt's blog const nightmare = new Nightmare({ show: true }).viewport(1041, 800); (async() => { await nightmare .goto(URL_BLOG) .wait(SELECTOR_SORT) // Always good to wait before performing an action on an element .mousedown(SELECTOR_SORT) .wait(SELECTOR_SORT_OPTION) .mousedown(SELECTOR_SORT_OPTION) // Drop down menu doesn't listen for `click` events like normal... .mouseup(SELECTOR_SORT_OPTION) .wait(SELECTOR_VIEW) .click(SELECTOR_VIEW); })(); Collecting the data is next; all we need to do is evaluate parts of the HTML and return the formatted information. The way the evaluate function works is by stringifying the function provided to it and injecting it into Electron's event loop. Because the function gets stringified, only a function that does not rely on outside variables or functions will execute properly. The value that is returned by this function must also be able to be stringified, so only JSON, strings, numbers, and booleans are applicable. import Nightmare from 'nightmare'; const URL_BLOG = 'https://www.packtpub.com/books/content/blogs'; const SELECTOR_SORT = '.selectBox.solr-page-sort-selector-select.selectBox-dropdown'; const SELECTOR_SORT_OPTION = '.solr-page-sort-selector-select-selectBox-dropdown-menu > li > a[rel="ds_blog_release_date desc"]'; const SELECTOR_VIEW = '.solr-page-rows-selector-option[data-rows="48"]'; // Viewport must have a width at least 1040 for the desktop version of Packt's blog const nightmare = new Nightmare({ show: true }).viewport(1041, 800); (async() => { await nightmare .goto(URL_BLOG) .wait(SELECTOR_SORT) // Always good to wait before performing an action on an element .mousedown(SELECTOR_SORT) .wait(SELECTOR_SORT_OPTION) .mousedown(SELECTOR_SORT_OPTION) // Drop down menu doesn't listen for `click` events like normal... .mouseup(SELECTOR_SORT_OPTION) .wait(SELECTOR_VIEW) .click(SELECTOR_VIEW) .evaluate( () => { let posts = []; document.querySelectorAll('.packt-article-line-view').forEach( post => { posts = posts.concat({ image: post.querySelector('img').src, title: post.querySelector('.packt-article-line-view-title').textContent.trim(), link: post.querySelector('a').href, description: post.querySelector('p').textContent.trim(), }); } ); return posts; } ) .end() .then( result => console.log(result) ); })(); Once you run your function again, you should get a very long array of objects containing information about each post. There you have it! You have successfully scraped a page using Electron! There’s a bunch more of possibilities and tricks with this, but hopefully this small example gives you a good idea of what can be done. About the author Dylan Frankland is a frontend engineer at Narvar. He is an agile web developer, with over 4 years of experience developing and designing for start-ups and medium-sized businesses to create a functional, fast, and beautiful web experiences.

Microservices is one of the most popular topics in software development these days, as well as JavaScript and chat bots. In this post, I share my experience in designing and implementing a platform using a microservices architecture. I will also talk about which tools were picked for this platform and how they work together. Let’s start by giving you some context about the project. The challenge The startup I am working with had the idea of building a platform to help people with depression and-tracking and managing the habits that keep them healthy, positive, and productive. The final product is an iOS app with a conversational UI, similar to a chat bot, and probably not very intelligent in version 1.0, but still with some feelings! Technology stack For this project, we decided to use Node.js for building the microservices, ReactNative for the mobile app, ReactJS for the Admin Dashboard, and ElasticSearch and Kibana for logging and monitoring the applications. And yes, we do like JavaScript! Node.js Microservices Toolbox There are many definitions of a microservice, but I am assuming we agree on a common statement that describes a microservice as an independent component that performs certain actions within your systems, or in a nutshell, a part of your software that solves a specific problem that you have. I got interested in microservices this year, especially when I found out there was a node.js toolkit called Seneca that helps you organize and scale your code. Unfortunately, my enthusiasm didn’t last long as I faced the first issue: the learning curve to approach Seneca was too high for this project; however, even if I ended up not using it, I wanted to include it here because many people are successfully using it, and I think you should be aware of it, and at least consider looking at it. Instead, we decided to go for a simpler way. We split our project into small Node applications, and using pm2, we deploy our microservices using a pm2 configuration file called ecosystem.json. As explained in the documentation, this is a good way of keeping your deployment simple, organized, and monitored. If you like control dashboards, graphs, and colored progress bars, you should look at pm2 Keymetrics--it offers a nice overview of all your processes. It has also been extremely useful in creating a GitHub Machine User, which essentially is a normal GitHub account, with its own attached ssh-key, which grants access to the repositories that contain the project’s code. Additionally, we created a Node user on our virtual machine with the ssh-key loaded in. All of the microservices run under this node user, which has access to the code base through the machine user ssh-key. In this way, we can easily pull the latest code and deploy new versions. We finally attached our ssh-keys to the Node user so each developer can login as the Node user via ssh: ssh node@<IP> cd ./project/frontend-api git pull Without being prompted for a password or authorization token from GitHub, and then using pm2, restart the microservice: pm2 restart frontend-api Another very important element that makes our microservices architecture is the API Gateway. After evaluating different options, including AWS API Gateway, HAproxy, Varnish, and Tyk, we decided to use Kong, an open source API Layer that offers modularity via plugins (everybody loves plugins!) and scalability features. We picked Kong because it supports WebSockets, as well as HTTP, but unfortunately, not all of the alternatives did. Using Kong in combination with nginx, we mapped our microservices under a single domain name, http://api.example.com, and exposed each microservices under a specific path: api.example.com/chat-bot api.example.com/admin-backend api.example.com/frontend-api … This allows us to run the microservices on separate servers on different ports, and having one single gate for the clients consuming our APIs. Finally, the API Gateway is responsible of allowing only authenticated requests to pass through, so this is a great way of protecting the microservices, because the gateway is the only public component, and all of the microservices run in a private network. What does a microservice look like, and how do they talk to each other? We started creating a microservice-boilerplate package that includes Express to expose some APIs, Passport to allow only authorized clients to use them, winston for logging their activities, and mocha and chai for testing the microservice. We then created an index.js file that initializes the express app with a default route: /api/ping. This returns a simple JSON containing the message ‘pong’, which we use to know if the service is down. One alternative is to get the status of the process using pm2: pm2 list pm2 status <microservice-pid> Whenever we want to create a new microservice, we start from this boilerplate code. It saves a lot of time, especially if the microservices have a similar shape. The main communication channel between microservices is HTTP via API calls. We are also using web sockets to allow a faster communication between some parts of the platform. We decided to use socket.io, a very simple and efficient way of implementing web sockets. I recommend creating a Node package that contains the business logic, including the object, models, prototypes, and common functions, such as read and write methods for the database. Using this approach allows you to include the package into each microservice, with the benefit of having just one place to update if something needs to change. Conclusions In this post, I covered the tools used for building a microservice architecture in Node.js. I hope you have found this useful. About the author Andrea Falzetti is an enthusiastic Full Stack Developer based in London. He has been designing and developing web applications for over 5 years. He is currently focused on node.js, react, microservices architecture, serverless, conversational UI, chat bots, and machine learning. He is currently working at Activate Media, where his role is to estimate, design, and lead the development of web and mobile platforms.

In this article by Mehul Bhat and Harmeet Singh, the authors of the book Learning Web Development with React and Bootstrap, you will learn to build two simple real-time examples: Hello World! with ReactJS A simple static form application with React and Bootstrap There are many different ways to build modern web applications with JavaScript and CSS, including a lot of different tool choices, and there is a lot of new theory to learn. This article will introduce you to ReactJS and Bootstrap, which you will likely come across as you learn about modern web application development. It will then take you through the theory behind the Virtual DOM and managing the state to create interactive, reusable and stateful components ourselves and then push it to a Redux architecture. You will have to learn very carefully about the concept of props and state management and where it belongs. If you want to learn code then you have to write code, in whichever way you feel comfortable. Try to create small components/code samples, which will give you more clarity/understanding of any technology. Now, let's see how this article is going to make your life easier when it comes to Bootstrap and ReactJS. Facebook has really changed the way we think about frontend UI development with the introduction of React. One of the main advantages of this component-based approach is that it is easy to understand, as the view is just a function of the properties and state. We're going to cover the following topics: Setting up the environment ReactJS setup Bootstrap setup Why Bootstrap? Static form example with React and Bootstrap (For more resources related to this topic, see here.) ReactJS React (sometimes called React.js or ReactJS) is an open-source JavaScript library that provides a view for data rendered as HTML. Components have been used typically to render React views that contain additional components specified as custom HTML tags. React gives you a trivial virtual DOM, powerful views without templates, unidirectional data flow, and explicit mutation. It is very methodical in updating the HTML document when the data changes; and provides a clean separation of components on a modern single-page application. From below example, we will have clear idea on normal HTML encapsulation and ReactJS custom HTML tag. JavaScript code: <section> <h2>Add your Ticket</h2> </section> <script> var root = document.querySelector('section').createShadowRoot(); root.innerHTML = '<style>h2{ color: red; }</style>' + '<h2>Hello World!</h2>'; </script> ReactJS code: var sectionStyle = { color: 'red' }; var AddTicket = React.createClass({ render: function() { return (<section><h2 style={sectionStyle}> Hello World!</h2></section>)} }) ReactDOM.render(<AddTicket/>, mountNode); As your app comes into existence and develops, it's advantageous to ensure that your components are used in the right manner. The React app consists of reusable components, which makes code reuse, testing, and separation of concerns easy. React is not only the V in MVC, it has stateful components (stateful components remembers everything within this.state). It handles mapping from input to state changes, and it renders components. In this sense, it does everything that an MVC does. Let's look at React's component life cycle and its different levels. Observe the following screenshot: React isn't an MVC framework; it's a library for building a composable user interface and reusable components. React used at Facebook in production and https://www.instagram.com/ is entirely built on React. Setting up the environment When we start to make an application with ReactJS, we need to do some setup, which just involves an HTML page and includes a few files. First, we create a directory (folder) called Chapter 1. Open it up in any code editor of your choice. Create a new file called index.html directly inside it and add the following HTML5 boilerplate code: <!doctype html> <html class="no-js" lang=""> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>ReactJS Chapter 1</title> </head> <body> <!--[if lt IE 8]> <p class="browserupgrade">You are using an <strong>outdated</strong> browser. Please <a href="http://browsehappy.com/">upgrade your browser</a> to improve your experience.</p> <![endif]--> <!-- Add your site or application content here --> <p>Hello world! This is HTML5 Boilerplate.</p> </body> </html> This is a standard HTML page that we can update once we have included the React and Bootstrap libraries. Now we need to create couple of folders inside the Chapter 1 folder named images, css, and js (JavaScript) to make your application manageable. Once you have completed the folder structure it will look like this: Installing ReactJS and Bootstrap Once we have finished creating the folder structure, we need to install both of our frameworks, ReactJS and Bootstrap. It's as simple as including JavaScript and CSS files in your page. We can do this via a content delivery network (CDN), such as Google or Microsoft, but we are going to fetch the files manually in our application so we don't have to be dependent on the Internet while working offline. Installing React First, we have to go to this URL https://facebook.github.io/react/ and hit the download button. This will give you a ZIP file of the latest version of ReactJS that includes ReactJS library files and some sample code for ReactJS. For now, we will only need two files in our application: react.min.js and react-dom.min.js from the build directory of the extracted folder. Here are a few steps we need to follow: Copy react.min.js and react-dom.min.js to your project directory, the Chapter 1/js folder, and open up your index.html file in your editor. Now you just need to add the following script in your page's head tag section: <script type="text/js" src="js/react.min.js"></script> <script type="text/js" src="js/react-dom.min.js"></script> Now we need to include the compiler in our project to build the code because right now we are using tools such as npm. We will download the file from the following CDN path, https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/babel-core/5.8.23/browser.min.js, or you can give the CDN path directly. The Head tag section will look this: <script type="text/js" src="js/react.min.js"></script> <script type="text/js" src="js/react-dom.min.js"></script> <script type="text/js" src="js/browser.min.js"></script> Here is what the final structure of your js folder will look like: Bootstrap Bootstrap is an open source frontend framework maintained by Twitter for developing responsive websites and web applications. It includes HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code to build user interface components. It's a fast and easy way to develop a powerful mobile first user interface. The Bootstrap grid system allows you to create responsive 12-column grids, layouts, and components. It includes predefined classes for easy layout options (fixed-width and full width). Bootstrap has a dozen pre-styled reusable components and custom jQuery plugins, such as button, alerts, dropdown, modal, tooltip tab, pagination, carousal, badges, icons, and much more. Installing Bootstrap Now, we need to install Bootstrap. Visit http://getbootstrap.com/getting-started/#download and hit on the Download Bootstrap button. This includes the compiled and minified version of css and js for our app; we just need the CSS bootstrap.min.css and fonts folder. This style sheet will provide you with the look and feel of all of the components, and is responsive layout structure for our application. Previous versions of Bootstrap included icons as images but, in version 3, icons have been replaced as fonts. We can also customize the Bootstrap CSS style sheet as per the component used in your application: Extract the ZIP folder and copy the Bootstrap CSS from the css folder to your project folder CSS. Now copy the fonts folder of Bootstrap into your project root directory. Open your index.html in your editor and add this link tag in your head section: <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/bootstrap.min.css"> That's it. Now we can open up index.html again, but this time in your browser, to see what we are working with. Here is the code that we have written so far: <!doctype html> <html class="no-js" lang=""> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>ReactJS Chapter 1</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/bootstrap.min.css"> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/react.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/react-dom.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/babel-core/5.8.23/browser.min.js"></script> </head> <body> <!--[if lt IE 8]> <p class="browserupgrade">You are using an <strong>outdated</strong> browser. Please <a href="http://browsehappy.com/">upgrade your browser</a> to improve your experience.</p> <![endif]--> <!-- Add your site or application content here --> </body> </html> Using React So now we've got the ReactJS and Bootstrap style sheet and in there we've initialized our app. Now let's start to write our first Hello World app using reactDOM.render(). The first argument of the ReactDOM.render method is the component we want to render and the second is the DOM node to which it should mount (append) to: ReactDOM.render( ReactElement element, DOMElement container, [function callback]) In order to translate it to vanilla JavaScript, we use wraps in our React code, <script type"text/babel">, tag that actually performs the transformation in the browser. Let's start out by putting one div tag in our body tag: <div id="hello"></div> Now, add the script tag with the React code: <script type="text/babel"> ReactDOM.render( <h1>Hello, world!</h1>, document.getElementById('hello') ); </script> Let's open the HTML page in your browser. If you see Hello, world! in your browser then we are on good track. In the preceding screenshot, you can see it shows the Hello, world! in your browser. That's great. We have successfully completed our setup and built our first Hello World app. Here is the full code that we have written so far: <!doctype html> <html class="no-js" lang=""> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>ReactJS Chapter 1</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/bootstrap.min.css"> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/react.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/react-dom.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/babel-core/5.8.23/browser.min.js"></script> </head> <body> <!--[if lt IE 8]> <p class="browserupgrade">You are using an <strong>outdated</strong> browser. Please <a href="http://browsehappy.com/">upgrade your browser</a> to improve your experience.</p> <![endif]--> <!-- Add your site or application content here --> <div id="hello"></div> <script type="text/babel"> ReactDOM.render( <h1>Hello, world!</h1>, document.getElementById('hello') ); </script> </body> </html> Static form with React and Bootstrap We have completed our first Hello World app with React and Bootstrap and everything looks good and as expected. Now it's time do more and create one static login form, applying the Bootstrap look and feel to it. Bootstrap is a great way to make you app responsive grid system for different mobile devices and apply the fundamental styles on HTML elements with the inclusion of a few classes and div's. The responsive grid system is an easy, flexible, and quick way to make your web application responsive and mobile first that appropriately scales up to 12 columns per device and viewport size. First, let's start to make an HTML structure to follow the Bootstrap grid system. Create a div and add a className .container for (fixed width) and .container-fluid for (full width). Use the className attribute instead of using class: <div className="container-fluid"></div> As we know, class and for are discouraged as XML attribute names. Moreover, these are reserved words in many JavaScript libraries so, to have clear difference and identical understanding, instead of using class and for, we can use className and htmlFor create a div and adding the className row. The row must be placed within .container-fluid: <div className="container-fluid"> <div className="row"></div> </div> Now create columns that must be immediate children of a row: <div className="container-fluid"> <div className="row"> <div className="col-lg-6"></div> </div> </div> .row and .col-xs-4 are predefined classes that available for quickly making grid layouts. Add the h1 tag for the title of the page: <div className="container-fluid"> <div className="row"> <div className="col-sm-6"> <h1>Login Form</h1> </div> </div> </div> Grid columns are created by the given specified number of col-sm-* of 12 available columns. For example, if we are using a four column layout, we need to specify to col-sm-3 lead-in equal columns. Col-sm-* Small devices Col-md-* Medium devices Col-lg-* Large devices We are using the col-sm-* prefix to resize our columns for small devices. Inside the columns, we need to wrap our form elements label and input tags into a div tag with the form-group class: <div className="form-group"> <label for="emailInput">Email address</label> <input type="email" className="form-control" id="emailInput" placeholder="Email"/> </div> Forget the style of Bootstrap; we need to add the form-control class in our input elements. If we need extra padding in our label tag then we can add the control-label class on the label. Let's quickly add the rest of the elements. I am going to add a password and submit button. In previous versions of Bootstrap, form elements were usually wrapped in an element with the form-actions class. However, in Bootstrap 3, we just need to use the same form-group instead of form-actions. Here is our complete HTML code: <div className="container-fluid"> <div className="row"> <div className="col-lg-6"> <form> <h1>Login Form</h1> <hr/> <div className="form-group"> <label for="emailInput">Email address</label> <input type="email" className="form-control" id="emailInput" placeholder="Email"/> </div> <div className="form-group"> <label for="passwordInput">Password</label> <input type="password" className="form- control" id="passwordInput" placeholder="Password"/> </div> <button type="submit" className="btn btn-default col-xs-offset-9 col-xs-3">Submit</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> Now create one object inside the var loginFormHTML script tag and assign this HTML them: Var loginFormHTML = <div className="container-fluid"> <div className="row"> <div className="col-lg-6"> <form> <h1>Login Form</h1> <hr/> <div className="form-group"> <label for="emailInput">Email address</label> <input type="email" className="form-control" id="emailInput" placeholder="Email"/> </div> <div className="form-group"> <label for="passwordInput">Password</label> <input type="password" className="form- control" id="passwordInput" placeholder="Password"/> </div> <button type="submit" className="btn btn-default col-xs-offset-9 col-xs-3">Submit</button> </form> </div> </div> We will pass this object in the React.DOM()method instead of directly passing the HTML: ReactDOM.render(LoginformHTML,document.getElementById('hello')); Our form is ready. Now let's see how it looks in the browser: The compiler is unable to parse our HTML because we have not enclosed one of the div tags properly. You can see in our HTML that we have not closed the wrapper container-fluid at the end. Now close the wrapper tag at the end and open the file again in your browser. Note: Whenever you hand-code (write) your HTML code, please double check your "Start Tag" and "End Tag". It should be written/closed properly, otherwise it will break your UI/frontend look and feel. Here is the HTML after closing the div tag: <!doctype html> <html class="no-js" lang=""> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>ReactJS Chapter 1</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/bootstrap.min.css"> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/react.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="js/react-dom.min.js"></script> <script src="js/browser.min.js"></script> </head> <body> <!-- Add your site or application content here --> <div id="loginForm"></div> <script type="text/babel"> var LoginformHTML = <div className="container-fluid"> <div className="row"> <div className="col-lg-6"> <form> <h1>Login Form</h1> <hr/> <div className="form-group"> <label for="emailInput">Email address</label> <input type="email" className="form-control" id="emailInput" placeholder="Email"/> </div> <div className="form-group"> <label for="passwordInput">Password</label> <input type="password" className="form-control" id="passwordInput" placeholder="Password"/> </div> <button type="submit" className="btn btn-default col-xs-offset-9 col-xs-3">Submit</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> ReactDOM.render(LoginformHTML,document.getElementById('loginForm'); </script> </body> </html> Now, you can check your page on browser and you will be able to see the form with below shown look and feel. Now it's working fine and looks good. Bootstrap also provides two additional classes to make your elements smaller and larger: input-lg and input-sm. You can also check the responsive behavior by resizing the browser. That's look great. Our small static login form application is ready with responsive behavior. Some of the benefits are: Rendering your component is very easy Reading component's code would be very easy with help of JSX JSX will also help you to check your layout as well as components plug-in with each other You can test your code easily and it also allows other tools integration for enhancement As we know, React is view layer, you can also use it with other JavaScript frameworks Summary Our simple static login form application and Hello World examples are looking great and working exactly how they should, so let's recap what we've learned in the this article. To begin with, we saw just how easy it is to get ReactJS and Bootstrap installed with the inclusion of JavaScript files and a style sheet. We also looked at how the React application is initialized and started building our first form application. The Hello World app and form application which we have created demonstrates some of React's and Bootstrap's basic features such as the following: ReactDOM Render Browserify Bootstrap With Bootstrap, we worked towards having a responsive grid system for different mobile devices and applied the fundamental styles of HTML elements with the inclusion of a few classes and divs. We also saw the framework's new mobile-first responsive design in action without cluttering up our markup with unnecessary classes or elements. Resources for Article: Further resources on this subject: Getting Started with ASP.NET Core and Bootstrap 4 [article] Frontend development with Bootstrap 4 [article] Gearing Up for Bootstrap 4 [article]

In this article by, Chandermani Arora and Kevin Hennessy, the authors of the book Angular 2 By Example, we will build a new app in Angular, and in the process, develop a better understanding of the framework. This app will also help us explore some new capabilities of the framework. (For more resources related to this topic, see here.) The topics that we will cover in this article include the following: 7 Minute Workout problem description: We detail the functionality of the app that we build. Code organization: For our first real app, we will try to explain how to organize code, specifically Angular code. Designing the model: One of the building blocks of our app is its model. We design the app model based on the app's requirements. Understanding the data binding infrastructure: While building the 7 Minute Workout view, we will look at the data binding capabilities of the framework, which include property, attribute, class, style, and event bindings. Let's get started! The first thing we will do is define the scope of our 7 Minute Workout app. What is 7 Minute Workout? We want everyone reading this article to be physically fit. Our purpose is to simulate your grey matter. What better way to do it than to build an app that targets physical fitness! 7 Minute Workout is an exercise/workout plan that requires us to perform a set of twelve exercises in quick succession within the seven minute time span. 7 Minute Workout has become quite popular due to its benefits and the short duration of the workout. We cannot confirm or refute the claims but doing any form of strenuous physical activity is better than doing nothing at all. If you are interested to know more about the workout, then check out http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/09/the-scientific-7-minute-workout/. The technicalities of the app include performing a set of 12 exercises, dedicating 30 seconds for each of the exercises. This is followed by a brief rest period before starting the next exercise. For the app that we are building, we will be taking rest periods of 10 seconds each. So, the total duration comes out be a little more than 7 minutes. Once the 7 Minute Workout app ready, it will look something like this: Downloading the code base The code for this app can be downloaded from the GitHub site https://github.com/chandermani/angular2byexample dedicated to this article. Since we are building the app incrementally, we have created multiple checkpoints that map to GitHub branches such as checkpoint2.1, checkpoint2.2, and so on. During the narration, we will highlight the branch for reference. These branches will contain the work done on the app up to that point in time. The 7 Minute Workout code is available inside the repository folder named trainer. So let's get started! Setting up the build Remember that we are building on a modern platform for which browsers still lack support. Therefore, directly referencing script files in HTML is out of question (while common, it's a dated approach that we should avoid anyway). The current browsers do not understand TypeScript; as a matter of fact, even ES 2015 (also known as ES6) is not supported. This implies that there has to be a process that converts code written in TypeScript into standard JavaScript (ES5), which browsers can work with. Hence, having a build setup for almost any Angular 2 app becomes imperative. Having a build process may seem like overkill for a small application, but it has some other advantages as well. If you are a frontend developer working on the web stack, you cannot avoid Node.js. This is the most widely used platform for Web/JavaScript development. So, no prizes for guessing that the Angular 2 build setup too is supported over Node.js with tools such as Grunt, Gulp, JSPM, and webpack. Since we are building on the Node.js platform, install Node.js before starting. While there are quite elaborate build setup options available online, we go for a minimal setup using Gulp. The reason is that there is no one size fits all solution out there. Also, the primary aim here is to learn about Angular 2 and not to worry too much about the intricacies of setting up and running a build. Some of the notable starter sites plus build setups created by the community are as follows: Start site Location angular2-webpack-starter http://bit.ly/ng2webpack angular2-seed http://bit.ly/ng2seed angular-cli— It allows us to generate the initial code setup, including the build configurations, and has good scaffolding capabilities too. http://bit.ly/ng2-cli A natural question arises if you are very new to Node.js or the overall build process: what does a typical Angular build involve? It depends! To get an idea about this process, it would be beneficial if we look at the build setup defined for our app. Let's set up the app's build locally then. Follow these steps to have the boilerplate Angular 2 app up and running: Download the base version of this app from http://bit.ly/ng2be-base and unzip it to a location on your machine. If you are familiar with how Git works, you can just checkout the branch base: git checkout base This code serves as the starting point for our app. Navigate to the trainer folder from command line and execute these commands: npm i -g gulp npm install The first command installs Gulp globally so that you can invoke the Gulp command line tool from anywhere and execute Gulp tasks. A Gulp task is an activity that Gulp performs during the build execution. If we look at the Gulp build script (which we will do shortly), we realize that it is nothing but a sequence of tasks performed whenever a build occurs. The second command installs the app's dependencies (in the form of npm packages). Packages in the Node.js world are third-party libraries that are either used by the app or support the app's building process. For example, Gulp itself is a Node.js package. The npm is a command-line tool for pulling these packages from a central repository. Once Gulp is installed and npm pulls dependencies from the npm store, we are ready to build and run the application. From the command line, enter the following command: gulp play This compiles and runs the app. If the build process goes fine, the default browser window/tab will open with a rudimentary "Hello World" page (http://localhost:9000/index.html). We are all set to begin developing our app in Angular 2! But before we do that, it would be interesting to know what has happened under the hood. The build internals Even if you are new to Gulp, looking at gulpfile.js gives you a fair idea about what the build process is doing. A Gulp build is a set of tasks performed in a predefined order. The end result of such a process is some form of package code that is ready to be run. And if we are building our apps using TypeScript/ES2015 or some other similar language that browsers do not understand natively, then we need an additional build step, called transpilation. Code transpiling As it stands in 2016, browsers still cannot run ES2015 code. While we are quick to embrace languages that hide the not-so-good parts of JavaScript (ES5), we are still limited by the browser's capabilities. When it comes to language features, ES5 is still the safest bet as all browsers support it. Clearly, we need a mechanism to convert our TypeScript code into plain JavaScript (ES5). Microsoft has a TypeScript compiler that does this job. The TypeScript compiler takes the TypeScript code and converts it into ES5-format code that can run in all browsers. This process is commonly referred to as transpiling, and since the TypeScript compiler does it, it's called a transpiler. Interestingly, transpilation can happen at both build/compile time and runtime: Build-time transpilation: Transpilation as part of the build process takes the script files (in our case, TypeScript .ts files) and compiles them into plain JavaScript. Our build setup uses build-time transpilation. Runtime transpilation: This happens in the browser at runtime. We include the raw language-specific script files (.ts in our case), and the TypeScript compiler—which is loaded in the browser beforehand—compiles these script files on the fly.  While runtime transpilation simplifies the build setup process, as a recommendation, it should be limited to development workflows only, considering the additional performance overheard involved in loading the transpiler and transpiling the code on the fly. The process of transpiling is not limited to TypeScript. Every language targeted towards the Web such as CoffeeScript, ES2015, or any other language that is not inherently understood by a browser needs transpilation. There are transpilers for most languages, and the prominent ones (other than TypeScript) are tracuer and babel. To compile TypeScript files, we can install the TypeScript compiler manually from the command line using this: npm install -g typescript Once installed, we can compile any TypeScript file into ES5 format using the compiler (tsc.exe). But for our build setup, this process is automated using the ts2js Gulp task (check out gulpfile.js). And if you are wondering when we installed TypeScript… well, we did it as part of the npm install step, when setting up the code for the first time. The gulp-typescript package downloads the TypeScript compiler as a dependency. With this basic understanding of transpilation, we can summarize what happens with our build setup: The gulp play command kicks off the build process. This command tells Gulp to start the build process by invoking the play task. Since the play task has a dependency on the ts2js task, ts2js is executed first. The ts2js compiles the TypeScript files (.ts) located in src folder and outputs them to the dist folder at the root. Post build, a static file server is started that serves all the app files, including static files (images, videos, and HTML) and script files (check gulp.play task). Thenceforth, the build process keeps a watch on any script file changes (the gulp.watch task) you make and recompiles the code on the fly. livereload also has been set up for the app. Any changes to the code refresh the browser running the app automatically. In case browser refresh fails, we can always do a manual refresh. This is a rudimentary build setup required to run an Angular app. For complex build requirements, we can always look at the starter/seed projects that have a more complete and robust build setup, or build something of our own. Next let's look at the boilerplate app code already there and the overall code organization. Organizing code This is how we are going to organize our code and other assets for the app: The trainer folder is the root folder for the app and it has a folder (static) for the static content (such as images, CSS, audio files, and others) and a folder (src) for the app's source code. The organization of the app's source code is heavily influenced by the design of Angular and the Angular style guide (http://bit.ly/ng2-style-guide) released by the Angular team. The components folder hosts all the components that we create. We will be creating subfolders in this folder for every major component of the application. Each component folder will contain artifacts related to that component, which includes its template, its implementation and other related item. We will also keep adding more top-level folders (inside the src folder) as we build the application. If we look at the code now, the components/app folder has defined a root level component TrainerAppComponent and root level module AppModule. bootstrap.ts contains code to bootstrap/load the application module (AppModule). 7 Minute Workout uses Just In Time (JIT) compilation to compile Angular views. This implies that views are compiled just before they are rendered in the browser. Angular has a compiler running in the browser that compiles these views. Angular also supports the Ahead Of Time (AoT) compilation model. With AoT, the views are compiled on the server side using a server version of the Angular compiler. The views returned to the browser are precompiled and ready to be used. For 7 Minute Workout, we stick to the JIT compilation model just because it is easy to set up as compared to AoT, which requires server-side tweaks and package installation. We highly recommend that you use AoT compilation for production apps due the numerous benefits it offers. AoT can improve the application's initial load time and reduce its size too. Look at the AoT platform documentation (cookbook) at http://bit.ly/ng2-aot to understand how AoT compilation can benefit you. Time to start working on our first focus area, which is the app's model! The 7 Minute Workout model Designing the model for this app requires us to first detail the functional aspects of the 7 Minute Workout app, and then derive a model that satisfies those requirements. Based on the problem statement defined earlier, some of the obvious requirements are as follows: Being able to start the workout. Providing a visual clue about the current exercise and its progress. This includes the following: Providing a visual depiction of the current exercise Providing step-by-step instructions on how to do a specific exercise The time left for the current exercise Notifying the user when the workout ends. Some other valuable features that we will add to this app are as follows: The ability to pause the current workout. Providing information about the next exercise to follow. Providing audio clues so that the user can perform the workout without constantly looking at the screen. This includes: A timer click sound Details about the next exercise Signaling that the exercise is about to start Showing related videos for the exercise in progress and the ability to play them. As we can see, the central theme for this app is workout and exercise. Here, a workout is a set of exercises performed in a specific order for a particular duration. So, let's go ahead and define the model for our workout and exercise. Based on the requirements just mentioned, we will need the following details about an exercise: The name. This should be unique. The title. This is shown to the user. The description of the exercise. Instructions on how to perform the exercise. Images for the exercise. The name of the audio clip for the exercise. Related videos. With TypeScript, we can define the classes for our model. Create a folder called workout-runner inside the src/components folder and copy the model.ts file from the checkpoint2.1 branch folder workout-runner(http://bit.ly/ng2be-2-1-model-ts) to the corresponding local folder. model.ts contains the model definition for our app. The Exercise class looks like this: export class Exercise { constructor( public name: string, public title: string, public description: string, public image: string, public nameSound?: string, public procedure?: string, public videos?: Array<string>) { } } TypeScript Tips Passing constructor parameters with public or private is a shorthand for creating and initializing class members at one go. The ? suffix after nameSound, procedure, and videos implies that these are optional parameters. For the workout, we need to track the following properties: The name. This should be unique. The title. This is shown to the user. The exercises that are part of the workout. The duration for each exercise. The rest duration between two exercises. So, the model class (WorkoutPlan) looks like this: export class WorkoutPlan { constructor( public name: string, public title: string, public restBetweenExercise: number, public exercises: ExercisePlan[], public description?: string) { } totalWorkoutDuration(): number { … } } The totalWorkoutDuration function returns the total duration of the workout in seconds. WorkoutPlan has a reference to another class in the preceding definition—ExercisePlan. It tracks the exercise and the duration of the exercise in a workout, which is quite apparent once we look at the definition of ExercisePlan: export class ExercisePlan { constructor( public exercise: Exercise, public duration: number) { } } These three classes constitute our base model, and we will decide in the future whether or not we need to extend this model as we start implementing the app's functionality. Since we have started with a preconfigured and basic Angular app, you just need to understand how this app bootstrapping is occurring. App bootstrapping Look at the src folder. There is a bootstrap.ts file with only the execution bit (other than imports): platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule); The boostrapModule function call actually bootstraps the application by loading the root module, AppModule. The process is triggered by this call in index.html: System.import('app').catch(console.log.bind(console)); The System.import statement sets off the app bootstrapping process by loading the first module from bootstrap.ts. Modules defined in the context of Angular 2, (using @NgModule decorator) are different from modules SystemJS loads. SystemJS modules are JavaScript modules, which can be in different formats adhering to CommonJS, AMD, or ES2015 specifications. Angular modules are constructs used by Angular to segregate and organize its artifacts. Unless the context of discussion is SystemJS, any reference to module implies Angular module. Now we have details on how SystemJS loads our Angular app. App loading with SystemJS SystemJS starts loading the JavaScript module with the call to System.import('app') in index.html. SystemJS starts by loading bootstrap.ts first. The imports defined inside bootstrap.ts cause SystemJS to then load the imported modules. If these module imports have further import statements, SystemJS loads them too, recursively. And finally the platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule); function gets executed once all the imported modules are loaded. For the SystemJS import function to work, it needs to know where the module is located. We define this in the file, systemjs.config.js, and reference it in index.html, before the System.import script: <script src="systemjs.config.js"></script> This configuration file contains all of the necessary configuration for SystemJS to work correctly. Open systemjs.config.js, the app parameter to import function points to a folder dist as defined on the map object: var map = { 'app': 'dist', ... } And the next variable, packages, contains settings that hint SystemJS how to load a module from a package when no filename/extension is specified. For app, the default module is bootstrap.js: var packages = { 'app': { main: 'bootstrap.js', defaultExtension: 'js' }, ... }; Are you wondering what the dist folder has to do with our application? Well, this is where our transpiled scripts end up.  As we build our app in TypeScript, the TypeScript compiler converts these .ts script files in the src folder to JavaScript modules and deposits them into the dist folder. SystemJS then loads these compiled JavaScript modules. The transpiled code location has been configured as part of the build definition in gulpfile.js. Look for this excerpt in gulpfile.ts: return tsResult.js .pipe(sourcemaps.write()) .pipe(gulp.dest('dist')) The module specification used by our app can again be verified in gulpfile.js. Take a look at this line: noImplicitAny: true, module: 'system', target: 'ES5', These are TypeScript compiler options, with one being module, that is, the target module definition format. The system module type is a new module format designed to support the exact semantics of ES2015 modules within ES5. Once the scripts are transpiled and the module definitions created (in the target format), SystemJS can load these modules and their dependencies. It's time to get into the thick of action; let's build our first component. Our first component – WorkoutRunnerComponent To implement the WorkoutRunnerComponent, we need to outline the behavior of the application. What we are going to do in the WorkoutRunnerComponent implementation is as follows: Start the workout. Show the workout in progress and show the progress indicator. After the time elapses for an exercise, show the next exercise. Repeat this process until all the exercises are over. Let's start with the implementation. The first thing that we will create is the WorkoutRunnerComponent implementation. Open workout-runner folder in the src/components folder and add a new code file called workout-runner.component.ts to it. Add this chunk of code to the file: import {WorkoutPlan, ExercisePlan, Exercise} from './model' export class WorkoutRunnerComponent { } The import module declaration allows us to reference the classes defined in the model.ts file in WorkoutRunnerComponent. We first need to set up the workout data. Let's do that by adding a constructor and related class properties to the WorkoutRunnerComponent class: workoutPlan: WorkoutPlan; restExercise: ExercisePlan; constructor() { this.workoutPlan = this.buildWorkout(); this.restExercise = new ExercisePlan( new Exercise("rest", "Relax!", "Relax a bit", "rest.png"), this.workoutPlan.restBetweenExercise); } The buildWorkout on WorkoutRunnerComponent sets up the complete workout, as we will see shortly. We also initialize a restExercise variable to track even the rest periods as exercise (note that restExercise is an object of type ExercisePlan). The buildWorkout function is a lengthy function, so it's better if we copy the implementation from the workout runner's implementation available in Git branch checkpoint2.1 (http://bit.ly/ng2be-2-1-workout-runner-component-ts). The buildWorkout code looks like this: buildWorkout(): WorkoutPlan { let workout = new WorkoutPlan("7MinWorkout", "7 Minute Workout", 10, []); workout.exercises.push( new ExercisePlan( new Exercise( "jumpingJacks", "Jumping Jacks", "A jumping jack or star jump, also called side-straddle hop is a physical jumping exercise.", "JumpingJacks.png", "jumpingjacks.wav", `Assume an erect position, with feet together and arms at your side. …`, ["dmYwZH_BNd0", "BABOdJ-2Z6o", "c4DAnQ6DtF8"]), 30)); // (TRUNCATED) Other 11 workout exercise data. return workout; } This code builds the WorkoutPlan object and pushes the exercise data into the exercises array (an array of ExercisePlan objects), returning the newly built workout. The initialization is complete; now, it's time to actually implement the start workout. Add a start function to the WorkoutRunnerComponent implementation, as follows: start() { this.workoutTimeRemaining = this.workoutPlan.totalWorkoutDuration(); this.currentExerciseIndex = 0; this.startExercise(this.workoutPlan.exercises[this.currentExerciseIndex]); } Then declare the new variables used in the function at the top, with other variable declarations: workoutTimeRemaining: number; currentExerciseIndex: number; The workoutTimeRemaining variable tracks the total time remaining for the workout, and currentExerciseIndex tracks the currently executing exercise index. The call to startExercise actually starts an exercise. This how the code for startExercise looks: startExercise(exercisePlan: ExercisePlan) { this.currentExercise = exercisePlan; this.exerciseRunningDuration = 0; let intervalId = setInterval(() => { if (this.exerciseRunningDuration >= this.currentExercise.duration) { clearInterval(intervalId); } else { this.exerciseRunningDuration++; } }, 1000); } We start by initializing currentExercise and exerciseRunningDuration. The currentExercise variable tracks the exercise in progress and exerciseRunningDuration tracks its duration. These two variables also need to be declared at the top: currentExercise: ExercisePlan; exerciseRunningDuration: number; We use the setInterval JavaScript function with a delay of 1 second (1,000 milliseconds) to track the exercise progress by incrementing exerciseRunningDuration. The setInterval invokes the callback every second. The clearInterval call stops the timer once the exercise duration lapses. TypeScript Arrow functions The callback parameter passed to setInterval (()=>{…}) is a lambda function (or an arrow function in ES 2015). Lambda functions are short-form representations of anonymous functions, with added benefits. You can learn more about them at https://basarat.gitbooks.io/typescript/content/docs/arrow-functions.html. As of now, we have a WorkoutRunnerComponent class. We need to convert it into an Angular component and define the component view. Add the import for Component and a component decorator (highlighted code): import {WorkoutPlan, ExercisePlan, Exercise} from './model' import {Component} from '@angular/core'; @Component({ selector: 'workout-runner', template: ` <pre>Current Exercise: {{currentExercise | json}}</pre> <pre>Time Left: {{currentExercise.duration- exerciseRunningDuration}}</pre>` }) export class WorkoutRunnerComponent { As you already know how to create an Angular component. You understand the role of the @Component decorator, what selector does, and how the template is used. The JavaScript generated for the @Component decorator contains enough metadata about the component. This allows Angular framework to instantiate the correct component at runtime. String enclosed in backticks (` `) are a new addition to ES2015. Also called template literals, such string literals can be multi line and allow expressions to be embedded inside (not to be confused with Angular expressions). Look at the MDN article here at http://bit.ly/template-literals for more details. The preceding template HTML will render the raw ExercisePlan object and the exercise time remaining. It has an interesting expression inside the first interpolation: currentExercise | json. The currentExercise property is defined in WorkoutRunnerComponent, but what about the | symbol and what follows it (json)? In the Angular 2 world, it is called a pipe. The sole purpose of a pipe is to transform/format template data. The json pipe here does JSON data formatting. A general sense of what the json pipe does, we can remove the json pipe plus the | symbol and render the template; we are going to do this next. As our app currently has only one module (AppModule), we add the WorkoutRunnerComponent declaration to it. Update app.module.ts by adding the highlighted code: import {WorkoutRunnerComponent} from '../workout-runner/workout-runner.component'; @NgModule({ imports: [BrowserModule], declarations: [TrainerAppComponent, WorkoutRunnerComponent], Now WorkoutRunnerComponent can be referenced in the root component so that it can be rendered. Modify src/components/app/app.component.ts as highlighted in the following code: @Component({ ... template: ` <div class="navbar ...> ... </div> <div class="container ...> <workout-runner></workout-runner> </div>` }) We have changed the root component template and added the workout-runner element to it. This will render the WorkoutRunnerComponent inside our root component. While the implementation may look complete there is a crucial piece missing. Nowhere in the code do we actually start the workout. The workout should start as soon as we load the page. Component life cycle hooks are going to rescue us! Component life cycle hooks Life of an Angular component is eventful. Components get created, change state during their lifetime and finally they are destroyed. Angular provides some life cycle hooks/functions that the framework invokes (on the component) when such event occurs. Consider these examples: When component is initialized, Angular invokes ngOnInit When a component's input properties change, Angular invokes ngOnChanges When a component is destroyed, Angular invokes ngOnDestroy As developers, we can tap into these key moments and perform some custom logic inside the respective component. Angular has TypeScript interfaces for each of these hooks that can be applied to the component class to clearly communicate the intent. For example: class WorkoutRunnerComponent implements OnInit { ngOnInit (){ ... } ... The interface name can be derived by removing the prefix ng from the function names. The hook we are going to utilize here is ngOnInit. The ngOnInit function gets fired when the component's data-bound properties are initialized but before the view initialization starts. Add the ngOnInit function to the WorkoutRunnerComponent class with a call to start the workout: ngOnInit() { this.start(); } And implement the OnInit interface on WorkoutRunnerComponent; it defines the ngOnInit method: import {Component,OnInit} from '@angular/core'; … export class WorkoutRunnerComponent implements OnInit { There are a number of other life cycle hooks, including ngOnDestroy, ngOnChanges, and ngAfterViewInit, that components support; but we are not going to dwell into any of them here. Look at the developer guide (http://bit.ly/ng2-lifecycle) on Life cycle Hooks to learn more about other such hooks. Time to run our app! Open the command line, navigate to the trainer folder, and type this line: gulp play If there are no compilation errors and the browser automatically loads the app (http://localhost:9000/index.html), we should see the following output: The model data updates with every passing second! Now you'll understand why interpolations ({{ }}) are a great debugging tool. This will also be a good time to try rendering currentExercise without the json pipe (use {{currentExercise}}), and see what gets rendered. We are not done yet! Wait long enough on the index.html page and you will realize that the timer stops after 30 seconds. The app does not load the next exercise data. Time to fix it! Update the code inside the setInterval if condition: if (this.exerciseRunningDuration >= this.currentExercise.duration) { clearInterval(intervalId); let next: ExercisePlan = this.getNextExercise(); if (next) { if (next !== this.restExercise) { this.currentExerciseIndex++; } this.startExercise(next); } else { console.log("Workout complete!"); } } The if condition if (this.exerciseRunningDuration >= this.currentExercise.duration) is used to transition to the next exercise once the time duration of the current exercise lapses. We use getNextExercise to get the next exercise and call startExercise again to repeat the process. If no exercise is returned by the getNextExercise call, the workout is considered complete. During exercise transitioning, we increment currentExerciseIndex only if the next exercise is not a rest exercise. Remember that the original workout plan does not have a rest exercise. For the sake of consistency, we have created a rest exercise and are now swapping between rest and the standard exercises that are part of the workout plan. Therefore, currentExerciseIndex does not change when the next exercise is rest. Let's quickly add the getNextExercise function too. Add the function to the WorkoutRunnerComponent class: getNextExercise(): ExercisePlan { let nextExercise: ExercisePlan = null; if (this.currentExercise === this.restExercise) { nextExercise = this.workoutPlan.exercises[this.currentExerciseIndex + 1]; } else if (this.currentExerciseIndex < this.workoutPlan.exercises.length - 1) { nextExercise = this.restExercise; } return nextExercise; } The WorkoutRunnerComponent.getNextExercise returns the next exercise that needs to be performed. Note that the returned object for getNextExercise is an ExercisePlan object that internally contains the exercise details and the duration for which the exercise runs. The implementation is quite self-explanatory. If the current exercise is rest, take the next exercise from the workoutPlan.exercises array (based on currentExerciseIndex); otherwise, the next exercise is rest, given that we are not on the last exercise (the else if condition check). With this, we are ready to test our implementation. So go ahead and refresh index.html. Exercises should flip after every 10 or 30 seconds. Great! The current build setup automatically compiles any changes made to the script files when the files are saved; it also refreshes the browser post these changes. But just in case the UI does not update or things do not work as expected, refresh the browser window. If you are having a problem with running the code, look at the Git branch checkpoint2.1 for a working version of what we have done thus far. Or if you are not using Git, download the snapshot of checkpoint2.1 (a zip file) from http://bit.ly/ng2be-checkpoint2-1. Refer to the README.md file in the trainer folder when setting up the snapshot for the first time. We have are done with controller. Summary We started this article with the aim of creating an Angular app which is  complex. The 7 Minute Workout app fitted the bill, and you learned a lot about the Angular framework while building this app. We started by defining the functional specifications of the 7 Minute Workout app. We then focused our efforts on defining the code structure for the app. To build the app, we started off by defining the model of the app. Once the model was in place, we started the actual implementation, by building an Angular component. Angular components are nothing but classes that are decorated with a framework-specific decorator, @Component. We now have a basic 7 Minute Workout app. For a better user experience, we have added a number of small enhancements to it too, but we are still missing some good-to-have features that would make our app more usable. Resources for Article: Further resources on this subject: Angular.js in a Nutshell [article] Introduction to JavaScript [article] Create Your First React Element [article] <hr noshade="noshade" size="1"

Modal dialogs are a common part of user interface design. As with most other parts of a UI, modals in a given application probably fall into two general categories: modals that are specific to a given feature or task, and modals that are intended to be generic and reusable. However, defining generic reusable modal components in a React/Redux application presents some interesting challenges. Here's one approach you can use to create generic reusable modals that can be used in a variety of contexts throughout a React/Redux application. First, we need a way to manage modals in general. In a typical object-oriented widget API, we might manually create an instance of a modal class, and pass in some kind of callback function to do something when it's closed. Here's what this might look like for a ColorPicker modal in an OOP API: const colorPickerInstance = new ColorPicker({ initialColor : "red", onColorPicked(color) { // do something useful with the "returned" color value } }); colorPickerInstance.show(); This presents some problems, though. Who really "owns" the ColorPicker? What happens if you want to show multiple modals stacked on each other? What happens with the ColorPicker instance while it's being displayed? In a React/Redux application, we really want our entire UI to be declarative, and to be an output of our current state. Rather than imperatively creating modal instances and calling show(), we'd really like any nested part of our UI to be able to "request" that some modal be shown, and have the state and UI updated appropriately to show the modal. Dan Abramov describes a wonderful approach on Stack Overflow to React/Redux modal management, in response to a question about displaying modal dialogs in Redux. It's worth reading his answer in full, but here's a summary: Dispatch an action that indicates you want to show a modal. This includes some string that can be used to identify which modal component should be shown, and includes any arbitrary values we want to be passed along to the rendered modal component: dispatch({ type : 'SHOW_MODAL", payload : { modalType : "SomeModalComponentIdentifier", modalProps : { // any arbitrary values here that we want to be passed to the modal } } }); Have a reducer that simply stores the modalType and modalProps values for 'SHOW_MODAL', and clears them for 'HIDE_MODAL'. Create a central component that connects to the store, retrieves the details ofwhat modal is open and what its props should be, looks up the correct component type, and renders it: import FirstModal from "./FirstModal"; import SecondModal from "./SecondModal"; // lookup table mapping string identifiers to component classes const MODAL_COMPONENTS = { FirstModal, SecondModal }; const ModalRoot = ({modalType, modalProps}) => { if(!modalType) return null; const SpecificModal = MODAL_COMPONENTS[modalType]; return <SpecificModal {...modalProps} /> } const mapState = state => state.modal; export default connect(mapState)(ModalRoot); From there, each modal component class can be connected to the store, retrieve any other needed data, and dispatch specific actions for both internal behavior as well as ultimately dispatching a 'HIDE_MODAL' action when it's ready to close itself. This way, the handling of modal display is centralized, and nested components don't have to "own" the details of showing a modal. Unfortunately, this pattern runs into a problem when we want to create and use a very generic component, such as a ColorPicker. We would probably want to use the ColorPicker in a variety of places and features within the UI, each needing to use the "result" color value in a different way, so having it dispatch a generic 'COLOR_SELECTED' action won't really suffice. We could include some kind of a callback function within the action, but that's an anti-pattern with Redux, because using non-serializable values in actions or state can break features like time-travel debugging. What we really need is a way to specify behavior specific to a feature, and use that from within the generic component. The answer that I came up with is to have the modal component accept a plain Redux action object as a prop. The component that requested the dialog be shown should specify that action as one of the props to be passed to the modal. When the modal is closed successfully, it should copy the action object, attach its "return value" to the action, and dispatch it. This way, different parts of the UI can use the "return value" of the generic modal in whatever specific functionality they need. Here's how the different pieces look: // In some arbitrary component: const onColorSelected = { type : 'FEATURE_SPECIFIC_ACTION', payload : { someFeatureSpecificData : 42, } }; this.props.dispatch({ type : 'SHOW_MODAL", payload : { modalType : "ColorPicker", modalProps : { initialColor : "red", // Include the pre-configured action object as a prop for the modal onColorSelected } } }); // In the ColorPicker component: handleOkClicked() { if(this.props.onColorSelected) { // If the code that requested this modal included an action object, // clone the action, attach our "return value", and dispatch it const clonedAction = _.clone(this.props.onColorSelected); clonedAction.payload.color = this.state.currentColor; this.props.dispatch(clonedAction); } this.props.hideModal(); } // In some reducer: function handleFeatureSpecificAction(state, action) { const {payload} = action; // Use the data provided by the original requesting code, as well as the // "return value" given to us by the generic modal component const {color, someFeatureSpecificData} = payload; return { ...state, [someFeatureSpecificData] : { ...state[someFeatureSpecificData], color } }; } This technique satisfies all the constraints for our problem. Any part of our application can request that a specific modal component be shown, without needing a nested component to "own" the modal. The display of the modal is driven by our Redux state. And most importantly, we can specify per-feature behavior and use "return values" from generic modals while keeping both our actions and our Redux state plain and serializable, ensuring that features like time-travel debugging still work correctly. About the author Mark Erikson is a software engineer living in southwest Ohio, USA, where he patiently awaits the annual heartbreak from the Reds and the Bengals. Mark is author of the Redux FAQ, maintains the React/Redux Links list and Redux Addons Catalog, and occasionally tweets at @acemarke. He can be usually found in the Reactiflux chat channels, answering questions about React and Redux. He is also slightly disturbed by the number of third-person references he has written in this bio!